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NAT Key Terms/Definitions > Key terms > Flashcards

Key terms Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A

The basic unit of living material

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2
Q

Tissue

A

A group of cells - joined together to carry out a particular task

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3
Q

Organ

A

A collection of tissues joined together to carry out a specific function

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4
Q

Electron microscope

A

A microscope used to see inside cells

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5
Q

Photomicrograph

A

A photograph of a microscopic object, taken with the aid of a microscope

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6
Q

Organelle

A

A tiny body inside a cell which carries out its own function

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7
Q

Protoplasm

A

Meaning ‘first material’ - the colourless material comprising the living part of a cell, including the cytoplasm, nucleus, and all other organelles

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8
Q

Cytoplasm

A

‘cell material’ - refers to anything (the protoplasm of the cell)inside the plasma membrane and outside of the nucleus/excluding circular DNA in Prokaryotic cells

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9
Q

Nucleus

A

The central part of the cell, it is enclosed in a membrane and is usually darker than the rest of the cell as contains the genetic material

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10
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all the chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of an organism and all its cells

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11
Q

Chromatin network

A

The dark tangles mass seen in the nucleus of a resting cell

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12
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

Nucleic acid found in both the cell and the nucleus, responsible for the manufacture of cell proteins (e.g. pigments, enzymes and hormones)

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13
Q

Chromosomes

A

Long threads of DNA and protein seen in a dividing cell, which contains the genetic material, or genes, responsible for transmitting inherited characteristics

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14
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Nucleic acid found only in the chromatin network and the chromosomes of the nucleus, which is responsible for the control the cell, and passing on inherited characteristics

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15
Q

Centrioles

A

Organelles that play an important part in spindle formation during cell division

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16
Q

Mitochondria

A

Spherical or rod-shaped bodies scattered in the cytoplasm, concerned with energy release

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17
Q

Cristae

A

Folds of the inner layer of mitochondrial membrane, on which the enzymes responsible for the oxidation of glucose are situated

18
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

A chemical in mitochondria capable of trapping and storing energy, to supply to the cell when needed

19
Q

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

A

A chemical left after ATP has released its stored energy to do work

20
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of a substance from an area of high conc to an area of low conc

21
Q

Osmosis

A

The passage of water molecules from an area of high conc (of water mols) to an area of low conc, through a partially permeable membrane

22
Q

Arterial blood

A

Flows Away from the heart and is usually bright red oxygenated blood

23
Q

Venous blood

A

Flows towards the heart and is usually dark red deoxygenated blood

24
Q

Collagen

A

Structural protein in the form of fibres for extra strength

25
Q

Central nervous system

A

The brain and spinal cord

26
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Part of the NS responsible for controlling the internal organs

27
Q

Antagonistic muscles

A

Muscles that work in pairs. When one muscle or sheet of muscles contract while the other relaxes

28
Q

Homeostasis

A

The process of maintaining a constant internal environment despite changing circumstances

29
Q

Myelin

A

An insulating sheath around many nerve fibres, formed of proteins and phospholipids, which increases the speed of nerve conduction

30
Q

Catabolism

A

The breaking down of molecules into smaller units, releasing energy

31
Q

Anabolism

A

The building up of complex molecules using the energy released in catabolism

32
Q

Gene

A

Unit of heredity on a pair of chromosomes

33
Q

Allele

A

Half a gene or the location of a characteristic on one chromosome

34
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two dominant or recessive alleles

35
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having one dominant and one recessive allele

36
Q

Dominant

A

The allele that, when present, displays in the individual

37
Q

Recessive

A

An allele that does not show when a dominant allele is present

38
Q

Punnett square

A

A diagram used to determine the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype

39
Q

Phenotype

A

The outward display of a characteristic that is observable

40
Q

Genotype

A

An individual’s genes, which are not outwardly observable, or the identification of alleles an individual inherits for a gene

41
Q

Gamete

A

Reproductive/sex cells - each cell is haploid and carries only one copy of each chromosome

42
Q

Zygote

A

Cell produced when a sperm fertilises and ovum, it contains all the genetic material for a new individual - half from the sperm and half from the ovum

NAT Key Terms/Definitions (2 decks)

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