8/15 markers Flashcards
During the post-World War II period (1950 to present day) the status of elite tennis players has changed. Evaluate how the changing status of professionals in tennis has affected the players.
8m
AO1:
- Professionals are performers who are paid to play sport.
- Modern day professional can come from any class.
- Modern day professional demonstrates higher level of performance than amateur performers
AO2:
- Tennis players earn significant sums of money through prize money for winning tournaments/equal
sums of money for male and female players in a number of major tournaments.
- They also receive large amounts of sponsorship/endorsements.
- Tennis professionals are able to train and compete as full-time athletes.
AO3:
- Positives: (Tennis players earn significant sums of money) providing financial security / improving their lifestyle. (Tennis players are able to train and compete as full-time athletes) leading to an increase in the
standard of play. The quality of coaching/training facilities/ equipment used by players has improved.
- Negatives: Players become motivated by increased financial rewards rather than playing for a love of the game. The physical demand on players is very high leading to more injuries/burnout. Players are under immense psychological pressure to play more often/perform at the highest level. Players have to travel/spend a significant amount of time away from home, which can be very difficult.
The industrial and post-industrial period (1780–1900) saw an increase in the spread
of rationalised sport throughout Britain.
Analyse the impact of the following factors on the spread of Association Football in
Britain:
* the church
* local authorities
* transport
* communication.
[15 marks]
AO1:
- The church was highly influential in people’s lives during this period/ provided education/ philanthropy.
- Local authorities introduced public services and facilities.
- Development of transport saw the introduction of a railway network to allow access to different parts of
the country.
- Improvements in communication were in the form of the printing press/newspapers.
AO2:
-The church set up football teams/Sunday school teams such as Bolton, Aston Villa.
- The church also provided facilities, such as pitches for football.
- Local authorities provided parks where football could be played/public baths for hygiene.
-Newspapers allowed for fixtures and results to be published.
AO3:
-Church teams entered leagues and competitions ensuring regular play and contributing to increasing
the standard of play/increased popularity of football.
- Local authority provision of parks ensured that everyone had access to facilities so football could be
played recreationally.
- Local authorities’ provision of public baths improved hygiene which meant that working class men had
better health and therefore more energy to engage in football more regularly.
- Railways led to the establishment of a national league/fixtures between home nations, which meant
that the game was spread across the UK and standards of play increased.
-Improved transport and communication helped people spread the codified rules of association football so teams played by the same rules.
The number of factories increased in the UK during the industrial and post-industrial period (1780–1900).
Evaluate the impact of this development on the physical activity of the working class:
* at the start of the 19th century
* at the end of the 19th century.
[8 marks]
AO1:
* New factories required large number of employees to work in them.
* Working class lowest group in new three tier class system.
* Urbanisation occurred.
AO2:
- Urbanisation occurred as the lower/peasant class moved from countryside to cities to take up new
jobs in factories and became the working class.
* Initially wages were low meaning the working class suffered in poverty/these gradually improved.
* Working hours were long initially/this changed as half days were introduced on Saturdays.
AO3:
- At the start of the 19th century the development of factories had a negative impact on the physical
activity of the working class because:
* poor health meant that the working class were not well/fit enough to take part in physical activity
* long working hours meant the working class lacked the free time to take part in physical activity
* low wages meant the working class lacked the disposable income to pay to take part/for equipment to
take part in physical activity
- By the end of the 19th century the development of factories had a positive impact on the physical activity
of the working class because:
* factory owners started to take an interest in the health and wellbeing of their workforce which meant
they were healthy enough to take part and encouraged to do so
* to improve the health of their workers factory owners created teams/competitions to promote
physical activity
* they also gave their workforce time off to be active at weekends with broken time payments available
to some.
Active Partnerships, formerly County Sports Partnerships, are an example of a local partner of Sport England. Sport England’s local partners work to overcome the barriers to participation that some groups may face. Analyse how the work of Sport England’s local partners can overcome the barriers to
participation for those disadvantaged by their socio-economic status.
[15 marks]
AO1:
- Work of local partners
* Club development.
* Coaching/workforce/volunteer development.
* Education programmes/raising awareness.
- Barriers to participation faced by those disadvantaged by their socio-economic status
* Lack of disposable income.
* Limited free time.
* Access to facilities/open spaces/countryside.
* Possible lower focus on the importance of education
AO2:
* Lack of disposable income can be overcome by funding and support/education programmes/ targeted campaigns.
* Limited free time can be overcome by safeguarding/marketing and communication.
* Access to facilities can be overcome by club development/facility development/ education programmes/ targeted campaigns/funding and support.
* Poor education can be overcome
AO3:
* Funding can be provided to local facilities which allows them to reduce the cost of activities for those
from lower socio-economic groups/disadvantaged backgrounds.
- New facilities can be developed in key areas where lower socio-economic groups/people from
disadvantaged backgrounds live. This will give them greater access to a wider range of sports.
* Local clubs/satellite clubs could be set up with local coaches developed so that the existing facilities
available in areas where lower socio-economic groups/people from disadvantaged backgrounds live
can provide high quality experiences.
* By running targeted campaigns in the local area high impact role models, such as successful athletes
from the local area, can be used to highlight the benefits of physical activity and exercise.
Analyse how the emergence of the middle class in the industrial and post-industria period (1780–1900) impacted on the sport of association football at this time.
[8 marks]
AO1:
* Middle class were self-made men who took advantage of new business opportunities available during
the industrial revolution.
* Also emerged from school and universities.
* Less money than upper class but education/entrepreneurialism allowed them to take up prominent
roles in society.
* They became factory owners, clergy, officers in the army etc.
AO2:
* National governing bodies: Middle class set up a national governing body (the FA) which codified
sports allowing everyone to play by the same rules.
* They created competition structures for people to enter such as the FA Cup.
* Factory owners: Set up factory teams.
* Providing workers with increased leisure time.
* Clergy: Provided land and facilities for football to take place.
AO3:
* Broken time payments made by factory owners signalled the start of professional football which
increased the standard by making the sport more appealing to the working class.
* Factory owners set aside time for footballers to train and play matches allowing greater focus on
improving sport specific skills and fitness.
* The codification of rules by the FA/middle class meant that teams could travel to different areas to play
a larger pool of teams of a higher ability, which improved the standard.
* The development of structured competitions such as the FA cup meant that the sport became more
competitive/success was widely recognised increasing factory owners’ motivation to bring together the
best teams possible.
Studies suggest that children with disabilities report experiencing low self-efficacy when playing sport.
Analyse how discrimination, stereotyping and prejudice can explain the children’s low
self-efficacy when applied to Bandura’s model.
[15 marks]
AO1:
Bandura’s model of self-efficacy.
Self-efficacy is affected by:
* performance accomplishments – how you have performed in a given situation previously
* vicarious experience – seeing how people of a similar ability to you perform in a given situation
* verbal persuasion – the verbal comments you receive from significant others regarding your
ability to succeed
* emotional arousal – whether your emotional arousal is at an optimal level or not.
* discrimination: Unfair treatment of a person based on a stereotype or prejudice
* stereotyping: A preconceived idea about a group
* prejudice: A preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience
AO2:
Performance accomplishments: Children with a disability may have had a bad experience of
playing sport in the past reducing self-efficacy.
* May have had limited or no opportunities to experience success
* Vicarious experience: Children with a disability may have seen other children with a disability
have a bad experience of playing sport reducing self-efficacy/may have never seen another child
with a disability having a positive experience of playing sport in the past reducing self-efficacy
* Verbal persuasion: Children with a disability may have heard significant others doubting their
ability to succeed or been verbally dissuaded from taking part due to health and safety concerns
etc.
* Emotional arousal: Children with a disability may feel more anxious playing sports due increased
risk/difficulty which may lead to over arousal, decreasing self-efficacy
AO3:
Performance accomplishments: Children with a disability may have encountered discrimination
when playing sport meaning they aren’t given the opportunity to be successful and leading to a
decrease in self-efficacy.
* This discrimination may be based on the stereotypical view that people with a disability can’t play
sport or the prejudice that someone with a certain disability isn’t as good as a performer without a
disability.
* Vicarious experience: Discrimination by the media of sports played by people with a disability
based on the prejudice that it isn’t as entertaining or exciting may limit coverage.
* Children with disabilities may not get the opportunity to see people with the same disability as
them being successful in sport.
* This may mean they begin to believe stereotypes, decreasing self-efficacy
Evaluate the effectiveness of the strategies being used to overcome specific barriers
that may prevent women from becoming football officials.
[8 marks]
AO1:
* stereotypes/channelling; lack of media coverage
* lack of role models
* lack of sponsorship/full-time positions
* increased media coverage leading to more role models
* more sponsorship/paid or full-time positions
* provide education to overcome stereotypes
* use of social media to create networks
AO2:
* there are currently a limited number of female officials (role models) and the majority of these work in
the women’s game which is not covered extensively in the media
* the only full-time positions in football refereeing in England are in the top two divisions of men’s
football, and none of these are women. In the women’s super league players are now becoming
full- time but the officials are not
* the sexist abuse of the small numb
* increased media coverage of women’s football would increase the profile of the female officials in the
sport
* as the women’s game becomes professional the officials working in it should become professionals
too
AO3:
* by increasing the media coverage of women’s football/female officials this will increase the number of
role models for other women to look up to
* negative media coverage of female officials/sex discrimination may put women off
* while social media can be used to build support networks and provide information there is an
increased risk that it may also be used to make sexist comments which will negatively impact the
number of female officials
* there is a lack of funding/sponsorship in the women’s game, so the sport needs to prioritise where to
spend it. Is paying full-time officials the best use of this money?
Analyse how the changes in society between 1780 and 1900, driven by the Industrial
Revolution, improved the sporting opportunities available to the working classes in
Great Britain.
[15 marks]
AO1:
* Urbanisation.
* Improvements in transport and communication.
* Provision through factories, churches and local authorities.
* Public schools/universities.
AO2:
People moved from the countryside to towns (urbanisation) looking for work.
* More people in a smaller area meant less space.
* Jobs in factories were poorly paid and required people to work long hours; loss of
rights/increased law and order; poor working conditions, eg dangerous poor living conditions,
eg pollution leading to disease.
* Factory owners wanted a healthier more productive workforce so improved conditions and
shortened the working week.
* The emergence of the middle class came about as people took advantage of new business
opportunities.
AO3:
As time moved on rational recreation developed, led by middle class, factory owners and
church.
* Factories had teams which would play on a Saturday as the working week was shortened.
* Improved transport allowed fixtures to be played across larger areas.
* Church offered use of halls and land/set up Sunday school teams/ex-public schoolboys
influential as clergymen/spread of muscular Christianity/YMCA/boys brigade.
* Social reforms led to paid holiday, better working conditions, public parks, which all enabled
more working-class opportunities to play football.
