4 - Emergence on the World Stage ('12-'20) -- WIP Flashcards
Emergence - Interventionist Legislation/Events
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Federal Farm Loan Act ‘16 - Federal farm loan Board oversaw:
- Federal land banks
- Mortgage interest rates
- Intervene in irresponsible loans
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Federal Reserve Act ‘13 - Introduced the Federal Reserve System to oversee monetary policy & to control inflation(/money supply)
___ - Clayton Anti-Trust Act ‘14 - expanded list of prohibited business practices to create a fairer market
- Federal Trade Commission ‘14 - Trade regulation; ruled out ‘Unfair Methods’ of trade competition
Emergence - Wilson’s Amendments
- 16th Amendment ‘13 - Income Tax
- 17th Amendment ‘13 - direct election of senators in each state
- 18th Amendment ‘19 - Prohibition (loopholes)
- 19th Amendment ‘20 - Women get the vote
Emergence - Economic Legislation/Events
Tax & tarrif reform
* Underwood Tariff Act ‘13 - lowered avg. tariff rates from 40% to 27% & reintroduced a Federal Income tax
* Revenue Act ‘16 - income tax only had to be paid by those with an income over $4k (4x industrial wage)
___
Banking reform
* Federal Reserve Act ‘13 - Introduced the Federal Reserve System to oversee monetary policy & to control inflation(/money supply)
___
Federal Trade Commission
* Federal Trade Commission ‘14 - Trade regulation; ruled out ‘Unfair Methods’ of trade competition
* Under Wilson administered ~400 cease-and-desist orders, but some felt it was too weak
Emergence - Social Legislation/Events
Workers’ rights
* Child Labour Act ‘16 - dealt w/ 2M under 16 workers w/ no education by banning the sale of products from factories that employed children, but ruled ‘Unconstitutional’
* Workmen’s compensation Act ‘16 - offered financial assistance if absent due to illness or injury
* Adamson Act ‘16 - Max of 8 hrs work for Railroad workers
___
Unsympathetic to Trade Unions
* Ludlow Coal strike ‘13 - srtikers were refused their demands and evicted from their homes, camped outside the company and the Colorado National Guard fireded on the tents, killing 26 people
* Wilson sent in the feeral troops to restore order & break up the strike
Emergence - AA Legislation/Events
- Wilson appeased conservative Southern voters, but dissapointed Northern White & Black voters
- The NAACP had initially backed him in ‘12
- Segregationalists in charge of Federal Agencies, reinforcing segregation
- Felt no further duty to AAs & supported Segregation
___
- Shook hands with Tillman - a known supporter of Lynching
- Didn’t prevent KKK resurgance in ‘15
___ - The Great Migration beginning in ‘16 onwards - worsened racial tensions
Emergence - Wilson strengths & weaknesses
Strengths
* Banking reform; more centralised
* Workers rights
* Established the principle for Federal Regulation
___
Weaknesses
* Supported Segregation
* Unsympathetic to Trade Unions
Emergence - 1912 Election
- Wilson won mainly due to TR & Taft pslitting the Republican vote:
- Wilson 42%, TR 27%, Taft 23%, Debs 6%
- TR considered Taft too conservative, & the Republican party was becoming more fractured between progressivism & conservatism
-
59% of population voted
___ - Wilson Campaign - NEW FREEDOM: individual & state rights, he was endorsed by Bryan & won less votes than he had, but still won
- TR Campaign - NEW NATIONALISM: welfare state, minimum wage for women, social security system
- Taft Campaign - Conservative, said TR was “running for his ego”
Emergence - Causes of Neutrality
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Public Opinion
- Prevailing mood against war & felt distant to the US
- ‘14, 1.5k women marched in NYC against the war
- Influential people - such as Secutary of State Bryan - prganised movements against it
-
Wilsonianism
- Declaration of Neutrality ‘14
- Wilson wanted to mediate; US could be a peacemaker if neutral
- He warned against taking sides
- Guided by sense of Christian morality
___
However, there were factors against Neutrality
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Support for Allies
- many of WIlson’s allies favoured the Allies & he felt a personal connection with Britain
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Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
- Ended towards the start of the war once US threatened Germany with more intervention
- With 8hrs notice in JAN ‘17, Germany resumed it
Emergence - Causes of entry into WWI
- Resumption of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
- German Activities within the US
- Zimmerman Telegram
*
Emergence - Effects of entry into WWI
- Propoganda & Civil Liberties
- War Production
- Workers
- AAs
*
Emergence - Wilson Progressive?
Progressive aims he achieved
* Greater Suffrage - 19th Amendment
* More Intervention - established principle of federal regulation; 4 Amendments
* Anti-Corruption - Clayton Anti-trust Act ‘16 & Federal Trade Commission ‘14
* Labour Laws - Workmen’s Compensation Act ‘16 & Adamson Act ‘16
* Prohibition - 18th Amendment
___
However
* Neglected AA rights
* Supported Segregation & not AAs
Emergence - AA strengths & weaknesses
Strengths
*
___
Weaknesses
*
Emergence - WWI strengths & weaknesses
Strengths
*
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Weaknesses
*
Emergence - Reform success strengths & weaknesses
Strengths
*
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Weaknesses
*
Emergence - Immigration
Great Atlantic Migration - 18M Europeans migrated from ‘90-‘17