4 - Emergence on the World Stage ('12-'20) -- WIP

Question 1

Emergence - Interventionist Legislation/Events

Answer 1

• Federal Farm Loan Act ‘16 - Federal farm loan Board oversaw:
  
  • Federal land banks
  • Mortgage interest rates
  • Intervene in irresponsible loans
• Federal Reserve Act ‘13 - Introduced the Federal Reserve System to oversee monetary policy & to control inflation(/money supply)
  ___
• Clayton Anti-Trust Act ‘14 - expanded list of prohibited business practices to create a fairer market
• Federal Trade Commission ‘14 - Trade regulation; ruled out ‘Unfair Methods’ of trade competition

Question 2

Emergence - Wilson’s Amendments

Answer 2

• 16th Amendment ‘13 - Income Tax
• 17th Amendment ‘13 - direct election of senators in each state
• 18th Amendment ‘19 - Prohibition (loopholes)
• 19th Amendment ‘20 - Women get the vote

Question 3

Emergence - Economic Legislation/Events

Answer 3

Tax & tarrif reform
* Underwood Tariff Act ‘13 - lowered avg. tariff rates from 40% to 27% & reintroduced a Federal Income tax
* Revenue Act ‘16 - income tax only had to be paid by those with an income over $4k (4x industrial wage)
___
Banking reform
* Federal Reserve Act ‘13 - Introduced the Federal Reserve System to oversee monetary policy & to control inflation(/money supply)
___
Federal Trade Commission
* Federal Trade Commission ‘14 - Trade regulation; ruled out ‘Unfair Methods’ of trade competition
* Under Wilson administered ~400 cease-and-desist orders, but some felt it was too weak

Question 4

Emergence - Social Legislation/Events

Answer 4

Workers’ rights
* Child Labour Act ‘16 - dealt w/ 2M under 16 workers w/ no education by banning the sale of products from factories that employed children, but ruled ‘Unconstitutional’
* Workmen’s compensation Act ‘16 - offered financial assistance if absent due to illness or injury
* Adamson Act ‘16 - Max of 8 hrs work for Railroad workers
___
Unsympathetic to Trade Unions
* Ludlow Coal strike ‘13 - srtikers were refused their demands and evicted from their homes, camped outside the company and the Colorado National Guard fireded on the tents, killing 26 people
* Wilson sent in the feeral troops to restore order & break up the strike

Question 5

Emergence - AA Legislation/Events

Answer 5

• Wilson appeased conservative Southern voters, but dissapointed Northern White & Black voters
  
  • The NAACP had initially backed him in ‘12
  • Segregationalists in charge of Federal Agencies, reinforcing segregation
  • Felt no further duty to AAs & supported Segregation
    ___
• Shook hands with Tillman - a known supporter of Lynching
• Didn’t prevent KKK resurgance in ‘15
  ___
• The Great Migration beginning in ‘16 onwards - worsened racial tensions

Question 6

Emergence - Wilson strengths & weaknesses

Answer 6

Strengths
* Banking reform; more centralised
* Workers rights
* Established the principle for Federal Regulation
___
Weaknesses
* Supported Segregation
* Unsympathetic to Trade Unions

Question 7

Emergence - 1912 Election

Answer 7

• Wilson won mainly due to TR & Taft pslitting the Republican vote:
  
  • Wilson 42%, TR 27%, Taft 23%, Debs 6%
  • TR considered Taft too conservative, & the Republican party was becoming more fractured between progressivism & conservatism
• 59% of population voted
  ___
• Wilson Campaign - NEW FREEDOM: individual & state rights, he was endorsed by Bryan & won less votes than he had, but still won
• TR Campaign - NEW NATIONALISM: welfare state, minimum wage for women, social security system
• Taft Campaign - Conservative, said TR was “running for his ego”

Question 8

Emergence - Causes of Neutrality

Answer 8

• Public Opinion
  
  • Prevailing mood against war & felt distant to the US
  • ‘14, 1.5k women marched in NYC against the war
  • Influential people - such as Secutary of State Bryan - prganised movements against it
• Wilsonianism
  
  • Declaration of Neutrality ‘14
  • Wilson wanted to mediate; US could be a peacemaker if neutral
  • He warned against taking sides
  • Guided by sense of Christian morality
    ___
    However, there were factors against Neutrality
• Support for Allies
  
  • many of WIlson’s allies favoured the Allies & he felt a personal connection with Britain
• Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
  
  • Ended towards the start of the war once US threatened Germany with more intervention
  • With 8hrs notice in JAN ‘17, Germany resumed it

Question 9

Emergence - Causes of entry into WWI

Answer 9

• Resumption of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
  
• German Activities within the US
  
• Zimmerman Telegram
  *

Question 10

Emergence - Effects of entry into WWI

Answer 10

• Propoganda & Civil Liberties
  
• War Production
  
• Workers
  
• AAs
  *

Question 11

Emergence - Wilson Progressive?

Answer 11

Progressive aims he achieved
* Greater Suffrage - 19th Amendment
* More Intervention - established principle of federal regulation; 4 Amendments
* Anti-Corruption - Clayton Anti-trust Act ‘16 & Federal Trade Commission ‘14
* Labour Laws - Workmen’s Compensation Act ‘16 & Adamson Act ‘16
* Prohibition - 18th Amendment
___
However
* Neglected AA rights
* Supported Segregation & not AAs

Question 12

Emergence - AA strengths & weaknesses

Answer 12

Strengths
*
___
Weaknesses
*

Question 13

Emergence - WWI strengths & weaknesses

Answer 13

Strengths
*
___
Weaknesses
*

Question 14

Emergence - Reform success strengths & weaknesses

Answer 14

Strengths
*
___
Weaknesses
*

Question 15

Emergence - Immigration

Answer 15

Great Atlantic Migration - 18M Europeans migrated from ‘90-‘17