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Fundamentals > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the ECM elements that interact with stem cells?

A

fibronectin, thrombospondin, hemonectin, heparan

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2
Q

what does fibronectin do in the ECM with stem cells?

A

it binds to integrins in the stem cells

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3
Q

what does thrombospondin do in the ECM with stem cells

A

it binds to cytokines and presents them to the stem cells

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4
Q

what does hemonectin do in the ECM with stem cells?

A

it binds to myeloid cells

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5
Q

what does heparan sulfate do in the ECM with stem cells?

A

it binds to various ligands in the stem cell (along with chondroitin sulfate)

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6
Q

what do osteoblasts provide for stem cells?

A

they permit engraftment, they secrete cytokines (G-CSF, GM-CSF, and IL-6), and they utilize CD166 in binding

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7
Q

what is the erythropoietic growth factor used to differentiate stem cells?

A

EPO

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8
Q

what are the granulopoeitic growth factors used to differentiate stem cells?

A

G-CSF and GM-CSF

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9
Q

what is the megakaryocytopoietic growth factors used to differentiate cells?

A

TPO

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10
Q

what is the lymphopoeitic growth factor used to differentiate stem cells?

A

interleukins

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11
Q

what is the order of erythroid differentiation lineage cells?

A

proerythroblast, basophilic erythroblast, polychromatic erythroblast, orthochromatophillic erythroblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte

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12
Q

what is the order of myeloid differentiation lineage cells for neutrophils?

A

myeloblast, promyelocyte, early neutrophilic myelocyte, late neutrophilic myelocyte, neutrophilic metamyelocyte, band cel, mature neutrophil

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13
Q

what is the order of myeloid differentiation lineage cells for eosinophils?

A

myeloblast, promyelocyte, early eosinophilic myelocyte, late eosinophilic myelocyte, eosinophilic myelocyte, mature eosinophil

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14
Q

what is the order of myeloid differentiation lineage cells for basophils?

A

myeloblast, promyelocyte, early basophilic myelocyte, lare basophilic myelocyte, mature basophil

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15
Q

what molecules do platelets secrete and interact with?

A

platelets secrete Ca2+. PF3, PF4, and fibrinogen

they interact with thrombin, epinephrine, ADP, and serotonin

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16
Q

what are two stem cell markers?

A

CD34 and HLA-Dr

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17
Q

what is loose connective tissue?

A

more cells than fibers, acts as support

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18
Q

what is dense connective tissue?

A

more fibers than cells, has more stress-resistance capabilities

19
Q

name the leukocytes

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosionophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

20
Q

name the granulocytes

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosionphils

21
Q

name the agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes (T, B lymphocytes) and natural killer cells, and monocytes—-macrophages

22
Q

what are the four types of collagen?

A

I - dermis, bone, tendon, cartilage
II - hyaline cartilage
III - reticular fibers
IV - basal laminae

23
Q

what two proteins make up elastic fibers?

A

elastin and fibrillin

24
Q

which cytoskeletal element gives microvilli their support?

A

actin filaments - microfilaments!

25
Q

which cytoskeletal element gives cilia their structure?

A

microtubules

26
Q

what is the zona adherens?

A

adherens junctions - provide lateral adhesion between adjacent cells useing cadherins and integrins

27
Q

what molecules are responsible for zona adherens?

A

cadherin and integrins

28
Q

what is the macula adherens?

A

desmosomes - these are like spot welds that anchor two adjacent cells together using intermediate filaments

29
Q

what cytoskeletal molecules are used in desmosomes?

A

intermediate filaments

30
Q

what is the zona occludens?

A

tight junctions - seal the cell from the lumen, regulating paracellular transport

31
Q

what molecules are responsible for the zona occludens?

A

claudin and occludin

32
Q

list the types of junctions from most apical to most basal

A

zona occludens, zona adherens, macula adherens

33
Q

what are gap junctions?

A

permit direct passage of molecules between adjacent cells

34
Q

what are the molecules responsible for gap junctions?

A

connexins

35
Q

what are the two parts of the basement membrane?

A

basal laminae, reticular laminae

36
Q

what is in the basal laminae and what is it made by?

A

there is collagen IV, laminins, and proteoglycans, it is made by the epithelial cell

37
Q

what is the reticular laminae and what is it made by?

A

it is made from collagen III and it is made by the underlying connective tissue

38
Q

how do cells attach to basement membrane?

A

focal adhesion (integrins) and hemidesmosomes

39
Q

what is simple epithelium?

A

one layer of cells

40
Q

what are the two types of simple squamous epithelium that are specially named?

A

endothelium and mesothelium

41
Q

what are the four types of simple epithelium?

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and pseudostratified

42
Q

what is stratified epithelium?

A

multiple cell layers, classified based on the first layer of cells

43
Q

what are the two types of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

keratinized and non-keratinized

44
Q

what are the four types of stratified epithelium?

A

simple, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional (dome cells)

Fundamentals (11 decks)

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