Fluids & Electrolytes (ch 14) Flashcards
0
Q
Normal range for Potassium
A
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Even minor variations are significant
1
Q
Normal range for Sodium
A
135-145 mEq/L
2
Q
Normal range for Calcium
A
8.6-10.2 mg/dL
3
Q
Normal range for Magnesium
A
1.3-2.3 mg/dL
- approximately 1/3 of serum magnesium is bound to protein
- remaining 2/3 exist as free cations
4
Q
Normal range for Phosphorus
A
2.5-4.5 mg/dL in adults
5
Q
Normal range for Chloride
A
97-107 mEq/L
- major anion (-) of ECF
- found more in interstitial and lymph fluid than blood
- produced in the stomach, where it combines with hydrogen to form HCl
- chloride control depends on intake and excretion and reabsorption of its ions in kidneys
- small amount lost in feces
6
Q
Osmosis
A
- The process by which fluid moves across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
- the process continues until the solute concentrations are equal on both sides of membrane.
7
Q
Diffusion
A
- process by which salutes move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.
- does not require energy
8
Q
Active transport
A
- physiologic pump that moves fluid from an area of low concentration to one of higher concentration.
- requires ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for energy
9
Q
Skin
A
- sensible perspiration: visible water and electrolytes loss through skin (sweating)
- chief solutes in sweat = sodium, chloride, potassium
- continuous water loss by evaporation (approx 600 mL/day) occurs through skin as insensible perspiration (nonvisible form of water loss)
- fever increases insensible water loss through lungs and skin
10
Q
Lungs
A
- normally eliminate water vapor (insensible loss) at rate of 300 mL every day
- loss much greater with increased RR or depth or in dry climate.
11
Q
Gastrointestinal Tract
A
- usual loss is 100-200 mL daily
- approximately 8 L of fluid circulates through GI system every 24 hours
12
Q
Organs Involved in Homeostasis
A
- kidneys
- lungs
- heart
- adrenal glands
- parathyroid glands
- pituitary gland
13
Q
Kidney Functions
A
- usual daily urine volume in adult 1-2 L
- approximately 1 mL urine/kg body weight/hour in all ages groups
- regulation of ECF volume and osmolality by selective retention and excretion of body fluids
- regulation of normal electrolyte levels in ECF by selective electrolyte retention and excretion
- regulation of pH of the ECF by retention of hydrogen ions
- excretion of metabolic wastes and toxic substances
14
Q
Heart and Blood Vessel Functions
A
- pumping action of heart circulates blood through kidneys under sufficient pressure to allow for urine formation.
- failure of this pumping action interferes with renal perfusion and thus water and electrolyte regulation.