Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the behaviourist approach?

A

Suggests that all behaviour is acquired and maintained through classical and operant conditioning

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2
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning through associations made between the unconditioned stimulus (US) and the neutral stimulus (NS)

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3
Q

What was Pavlov’s dog experiment?

A
  1. Before conditioning the unconditioned stimulus (food) produced an unconditioned response (salivation)
  2. During conditioning, the US was paired with a neutral stimulus (bell) to produce the same UR of salivation
  3. An association was made between the US (food) and the NS (bell)
  4. After conditioning, the NS became the conditioned stimulus producing the conditioned response of salivation
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4
Q

What is extinction?

A

When the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus so the conditioned response becomes extinct

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5
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

When the individual carries out the conditioned response some time after extinction has occurred

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6
Q

What is generalisation?

A

When slight changes in the conditioned stimulus (eg different pitches of the bell used in Pavlov’s experiment) still produces the same conditioned response

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7
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning through consequences

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of reinforcement?

A

Positive and negative reinforcement

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9
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

When we carry out a behaviour to receive a reward

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10
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

When we carry out a behaviour to avoid negative consequences

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11
Q

What was Skinner’s box experiment?

A
  1. Positive reinforcement was shown when the rats pressed down on a lever to receive food as a reward, and learn to repeat this action to increase their rewards
  2. Negative reinforcement was shown when the rats learnt to press down on the lever to avoid the unpleasant consequence of an electric shock
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12
Q

What is a strength of the behaviourist approach?

A

Real life applications: an increased understanding of classical and operant conditioning has led to the development of treatments and therapies for serious mental disorders eg. token economies for dealing with offending behaviour

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13
Q

What are limitations of the behaviourist approach?

A

Environmental determinism: sees all behaviour as a result of past reinforcement contingencies, leaving no room for free will or conscious choices. This may be fitting for animals but human behaviour should also account for emotions, motivations and reasoning skills (like SLT does)

Cost benefit analysis: Skinner’s box breached the BPS guideline of protection from harm causing physical harm to the rats, therefore most b behavioural research can be viewed as unethical. However, a cost-benefit analysis may show that the benefit of increased understanding of the different types of learning outweigh the ethical costs

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14
Q

What is a genotype?

A

the genetic makeup of a person

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15
Q

What is a phenotype?

A
  • physical expression of phenotype
  • come from interaction between their genotype and the environment
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16
Q

Explain evolution as an assumption of the biological approach:

A
  • Darwin argued that genes are inherited that aid survival (natural selection)
  • this means that behaviours that are genetically determined through genes are passed on from generation to generation
17
Q

What are the 4 meditational processes?

A

ATTENTION: noticing the behaviour
RETENTION: remembering the behaviour
REPRODUCTION: being able to perform the behaviour
MOTIVATION: wether perceived rewards outweigh the perceived costs

18
Q

Describe Wundt’s role in the development of psychology:

A
  • set up first lab in 1879 where he adopted use of introspection
  • ## introspection: examination of ones own conscious thoughts or feelings
19
Q

Cognitive approach AO3:

A

x Over simplified: theoretical models may oversimplify complex processes e.g. role of emotion sometimes overlooked and computer model analogy not valid way of explaining mental processes

x Ecological validity: data supporting this theory comes from unrealistic tasks used in lab experiments; argues wether or not they’re truly representative of normal cognitive patterns

+ RLA: led to development of CBT