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Jenny - MH9 - Winter 2024 > Review - Composition - Modern (p. 112-139) > Flashcards

Review - Composition - Modern (p. 112-139) Flashcards

1
Q

Answer the following for the music excerpt:

  • Title of entire piece
  • What instrument plays the opening melody
  • What interval is in the opening melody?
  • Give two innovative orchestration in this music excerpt
  • Describe the meter/tempo
A
  • Title of entire piece: Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun
  • What instrument plays the opening melody: flute
  • What interval is in the opening melody? a tritone
  • Give two innovative orchestration in this music excerpt: harp glissandi, muted horns, muted strings
  • Describe the meter/tempo: the tempo is moderate and there is no clear metric accent
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2
Q

Answer the following questions for the music excerpt.

-Title
-Composer
-Genre
-Structure

Name three rhythmic techniques used in this piece.

A

Title: Short Ride in a Fast Machine
Composer: John Adams
Genre: fanfare for orchestra
Structure: one movement (loosely divided into four sections based on the different wood blocks used)

-Cross-rhythms
-Changing meter (time signatures)
-Polyrhythms
-Ostinato
- Simultaneous use of simple and compound time

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3
Q

Who was the choreographer for The Rite of Spring?

A

Vaslav Nijinsky

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4
Q

Provide the definition of Jazz

A

It’s a musical style developed in the early 20th century in the US. It combines elements of African, popular, and European music. It is based on improvisation.

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5
Q

Name one innovative orchestrations (less common choice of instruments or unusual ways of playing an instrument) in the Dance of the Adolescents.

A

Innovative orchestration in The Dance of the Adolescents includes emphasizing bassoons and contrabassoon (less common instrument) and percussive string techniques such as col legno technique.

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6
Q

Why is Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun a good example of impressionism in music?

A

Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun is a good example of impressionism in music because
- it’s meter is vague
- there is no clear meter (no regular accent)
- it has less common scales such as whole tone scale and
- it uses innovative instruments such as antique cymbals and innovative orchestration such as harp glissandi, muted horns, and muted strings

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7
Q

What is the term that suggests instead of depict (describe) images? Techniques used include vague metric pulse, new instruments, new ways of playing instrument and different scales such as whole-tone, modal and pentatonic scales

A

Impressionism in music

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8
Q

What is hemiola?

A

It is a temporary shift of the metric accents. For example, notes in groups of three are temporarily in groups of two.

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9
Q

Answer the following for the music excerpt:

  • Title of entire piece
  • What instruments play this theme
  • Form of entire piece
  • Which part of the form is the music excerpt?
  • What is the solo instrument?
  • What interval does the solo instrument play?
  • What innovative instrument is played in the final section (not in the excerpt)?
A
  • Title of entire piece: Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun
  • Form of entire piece: ABA
  • Which part of the form is the music excerpt? return of section A
  • What is the solo instrument? Flute
  • What interval does the solo instrument play? Solo flute play perfect fourth (5 semitones)
  • What innovative instrument is played in the final section (not in the excerpt)? Antique cymbals (see attached image)
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10
Q

Name a type of dance that tells a story, first developed in the 17th century and became extremely popular in the 19th century Russian court.

A

Ballet

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11
Q

What is polyrhythm?

A

The simultaneous use of two or more conflicting rhythms.

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12
Q

What is the term that Franz Liszt created for an orchestral program music that has one movement, free in form and follow a story or a painting?

A

symphonic poem

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13
Q

Name the 5 principal characters in West Side Story that we study and provide their description, including the name of the gangs they are associated with.

A

-Bernardo - Sharks leader
-Anita - Bernardo’s girlfriend
-Maria - Puerto Rican girl; Bernardo’s sister.

-Tony - Jets member
-Riff - Jets leader

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14
Q

What is the definition of primitiveism?

A

Primitivism is an effect created mostly through rhythm. It has strong accents, syncopation, polyrhythms and an orchestra has a large percussion section.

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15
Q

What is the Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun poem about?

A

The poem describes a faun (half man, half goat). He may or may not have imagined three nymphs visited him.

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16
Q

Define minimalism in music.

A

Minimalism in music is a musical style in the late 20th century and it is characterized by the repetition of melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic patterns with little variation.

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17
Q

Provide the plot summary of West Side Story

A

This plot follows the Romeo and Juliet tragedy. Two gangs fight over territories - the Jets (the Americans/white) and the Sharks (the Puerto Rican). Maria and Tony fall in love at first sight. The two gangs fight. Bernardo (Sharks gang leader) kills the Riff (Jets gang leader). Tony then kills Bernardo, who is Maria’s brother. The another Sharks member kills Tony. Maria arrives but Tony is dead.

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18
Q

In addition to amplified wood blocks, name 3 percussion instruments in Short Ride in a Fast Machine

A
  • glockenspiel
  • xylophone
  • antique cymbals
  • triangle
  • tambourine
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19
Q

What are the three selections that we need to study in The Rite of Spring?

A

Introduction
Dance of the Adolescents
Game of Abduction

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20
Q

What is the definition of choreography?

A

Choreography is the art of designing the dance steps and movements in a ballet (or musical).

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21
Q

What is the name of this music excerpt?

Which family group play the music excerpt?

A

The music excerpt is the Game of the Abduction.

The woodwinds and brass play the excerpt. The music excerpt is bold and fan-like.

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22
Q

What is the word for the art of designing dance steps and movements in a ballet (or musical)?

A

Choreography

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23
Q

Answer the following question for the music excerpt.
- Name of complete work
- what is the solo instrument?

A
  • Name of complete work - The Rite of Spring
  • G
  • what is the solo instrument? bassoon
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24
Q

What is the term for the simultaneous use of two or more conflicting rhythms?

A

polyrhythm

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25
Q

What did Adams thought of when he composed the Short Ride in a Fast Machine?

A

a sports car

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26
Q

How is primitivism created in the introduction?

A

Primitivism is created using different rhythmic techniques, including changing meters and polyrhythms.

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27
Q

What music features make A Short Ride in a Fast Machine a good example of minimalism in music?

A

The Short Ride in a Fast machine shows minimalist style with its tonal harmonies, a driving beat, complex polyrhythm and interesting orchestration.

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28
Q

Answer the following for the music excerpt:

  • Title of entire piece
  • What instruments play this theme
  • Form of entire piece
  • Which part of the form is the music excerpt?
  • Which instrument plays the theme?
  • What scale is used and why is it used?
A
  • Title of entire piece: Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun
  • Form: ABA
  • Which part of the form is the music excerpt? section B
  • Which instrument plays the theme? Clarinet
  • What scale is used and why is it used? Whole-tone scale is used to bring out exotic feeling
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29
Q

What sizes of wood blocks are used in the piece?

A

High wood block (section 1)
Low wood block (section 2)
Medium wood block (section 3)

(there is no wood block in section 4)

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30
Q

Answer the following question for the music excerpt.
- Name of complete work
- Genre of the complete work
- Composer
- What is the title of this excerpt?

A
  • Name of complete work - The Rite of Spring
  • Genre of the complete work - ballet
  • Composer - Stravinsky
  • What is the title of this excerpt? Dance of the Adolescents
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31
Q

What is the summary of the entire work?

A

The music is set in pagan Russia. The ballet describes the tribal games and rituals took place to ensure the fertility of the earth. The end of the ballet the Sacrificial Dance in which a chosen girl dances herself to death.

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32
Q

What is changing meter?

A

Changing meter means shift of metrical groupings and it is shown through changes of time signatures

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33
Q

What is cha-cha?

See picture for cha-cha rhythm.

A

It is a popular Cuban dance of the 1950s and comes from mambo.

34
Q

Who composed the poem that Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun is based on?

A

Stephane Mallarme wrote the poem.

35
Q

Answer the following for the music excerpt:

  • Title of entire piece
  • Composer
  • Genre
  • Source of inspiration
  • Who wrote the source of inspiration
  • Form of entire piece
  • Which part of the form is the music excerpt?
    -What is the key signature?
A
  • Title of entire piece: Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun
  • Composer: Debussy
  • Genre: symphonic poem (tone poem)
  • Source of inspiration: a symbolist poem
  • Who wrote the source of inspiration: Mallarme
  • Form: ABA
  • Which part of the form is the music excerpt? section A
    -What is the key signature? begins and ends in four sharps (E major but the tonality is vague)
36
Q

Provide the following for the following Excerpt.

  • Title of entire collection
  • Title of the piece the excerpt is part of
  • Composer
  • What is the general style of this piece?
  • what is the main characteristic rhythm in this section?
A
  • Music for Piano the entire collection
  • Changes
  • Louie
  • The piece is a minimalist style
  • Hemiola is the main rhythmic feature. This is created when the accents shifted from groups of 4 notes to groups of 3 notes.
37
Q

What is the name of this music excerpt?

What is the story for this excerpt?

Describe the orchestration.

A

The music excerpt is the Game of the Abduction.

The young men control the women.

The orchestration adds to the frenzied dance by using string pizzicato and staccato

38
Q

What is the term for a temporary shift of the metric accents. For example, notes in groups of three are temporarily in groups of two.

A

Hemiola

39
Q

Who was Sergei Diaghilev?

A

Diaghilev was a famous ballet impresario (a person who organizes and finances art and music events). He hired Stravinsky to write music for Ballet Russes, including The Rite of Spring.

40
Q

Who hired Stravinsky to write the Rite of Spring?

A

Diaghilev hired Stravinsky to write music for Ballet Russes, including The Rite of Spring.

41
Q

What is the common song structure in popular music in which the verses develop the character/storyline, while the ‘chorus’ acts as a refrain?

A

verse-chorus structure

42
Q

What is the musical style is characterized by the repetition of melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic patterns with little variation?

A

Minimalism in music

43
Q

What is the title of the complete work?

What is the title of the selection in this excerpt?

Which character sings this?

Describe the setting?

What is the feelings expressed?

How does the opening melody sound like to show Tony’s adoration for Maria?

A

The complete work is West Side Story.

The music excerpt is “Maria”

Tony (tenor)

Tony is outside of the gym, where Tony has just met and fallen in love with Maria.

Tony sings “Maria” with love.

The opening of the melody sounds like a chant-like to show Tony’s love for Maria.

44
Q

What is the name of the complete work?

What is the title of the song this music excerpt is part of?

What are the first few words of the lyric?

Who is singing this excerpt?

What is the sentiment expressed and how?

Describe the word painting on “breezes”

A

The complete work is West Side Story.

The excerpt is the very beginning of ‘America”

The first few words is “Puerto Rico, you lovely island…”

Rosalia sings the excerpt.

Rosalia misses Puerto Rico and the feeling is expressed through long phrases and free rhythm

Word painting on “breezes” is achieved using a curved motive based on a whole-tone scale. There is glissandi on string harmonics.

45
Q

Name three rhythmic techniques in the Short Ride in a Fast Machine

A

-Cross-rhythms
-Changing meter (time signatures)
-Polyrhythms
-Ostinato
- Simultaneous use of simple and compound time

46
Q

Answer the following questions for the music excerpt.

-Title
-Composer
-Genre
-Structure

Name three rhythmic techniques used in this piece.

A

Title: Short Ride in a Fast Machine
Composer: John Adams
Genre: fanfare for orchestra
Structure: one movement (loosely divided into four sections based on the different wood blocks used)
- a high wood block establishes the beat and then maintains it.

47
Q

Define symphonic poem

A

Franz Liszt invented symphonic poem for an orchestral program music that has one movement, free in form and follow a story or a painting.

48
Q

What is the name of a unique genre developed with US with spoken dialogue but with songs, dances, choruses and often with spectacular staging
(sets, costumes, lighting)?

A

Musical

49
Q

Provide the following for the following Excerpt.

  • Title of entire collection
  • Title of the piece the excerpt is part of
  • Composer
  • What is the general style of this piece?
  • How is variety is created in this excerpt?
A
  • Music for Piano the entire collection
  • Changes (beginning)
  • Louie
  • The piece is a minimalist style
  • Variety is achieved by changes in the dynamics and accented notes played with the right-hand fifth finger, the
50
Q

What is the title and genre of the entire work?

What is the source of plot for the entire work?

Who were the librettists?

Who was the choreographer?

A

The entire work is West Side Story and it is a musical (musical theatre).

This musical is based on Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet.

Arthur Laurents and Stephen Sondheim were the librettists.

Jerome Robbins was the choreographer.

51
Q

What is mambo?

A

It is a Afro-Cuban dance, popular in the 1940s and 1950s.

52
Q

Provide definition of minimalism in music.

A

Minimalism in music is a style characterized by repetition of melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic patterns with little variations. It evolved in the late 20th century.

53
Q

What is the effect created mostly through rhythm? It has strong accents, syncopation, polyrhythms and an orchestra has a large percussion section.

A

Primitivism

54
Q

What is the title of the complete work?

What is the title of the selection in this excerpt?

What is the name of the interval in the motive right after “Ma-ri-a”?

What does this angular motive present throughout?

A

The complete work is West Side Story.

The music excerpt is “Maria”

After “Ma-ri-a”, a tritone interval follow.

The tritone is used for troubled love and strong wishes.

55
Q

Answer the following for the music excerpt:

  • Title of entire piece
  • Composer
  • Genre
  • Source of inspiration
  • Who wrote the source of inspiration
  • Form of entire piece
  • Which part of the form is the music excerpt?
  • Which instrument plays the theme?
A
  • Title of entire piece: Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun
  • Composer: Debussy
  • Genre: symphonic poem (tone poem)
  • Source of inspiration: a symbolist poem
  • Who wrote the source of inspiration: Mallarme
  • Form: ABA
  • Which part of the form is the music excerpt? section B
  • Which instrument plays the theme? Clarinet
56
Q

Answer the following questions for the music excerpt.

-Title
-Composer
-Genre
-Structure

Name three rhythmic techniques used in this piece.

A

Title: Short Ride in a Fast Machine
Composer: John Adams
Genre: fanfare for orchestra
Structure: one movement (loosely divided into four sections based on the different wood blocks used)

-Cross-rhythms
-Changing meter (time signatures)
-Polyrhythms
-Ostinato
- Simultaneous use of simple and compound time

57
Q

Provide definition of fanfare

A

A loud ceremonial tune with lots of brass instruments and is used to announcing important person or event

58
Q

Provide definition of verse-chorus structure?

A

This is a common song structure in popular music. The verses develop the character/storyline, while the ‘chorus’ acts as a refrain.

59
Q

What was Vaslav Nijinsky?

A

He was the choreographer for the Rite of Spring

60
Q

What is the name/title of this music excerpt?

Does this have a modal or tonal melody?

What instruments play the short melody?

A

This is Dance of the Adolescents and the excerpt has a modal melody.

The French horn play the short modal melody.

61
Q

Define Impressionism in music

A

Impressionism in music comes from impressionism in painting. It suggests instead of depict (describe) images. Techniques used include vague metric pulse, new instruments, new ways of playing instrument and different scales such as whole-tone, modal and pentatonic scales

62
Q

Provide definition of musical

A

A unique genre developed in the US. It’s a play with spoken dialogue but with songs, dances and choruses. The staging (sets, costumes, lighting) is often spectacular.

63
Q

Answer the following question for the music excerpt.
- Name of complete work
- Genre of the complete work
- Composer
- what is the solo instrument?
- Who is the choreographer?
- What is the structure of the entire work?
- What part of the structure does the solo belong to?

A
  • Name of complete work - The Rite of Spring
  • Genre of the complete work - ballet
  • Composer - Stravinsky
  • what is the solo instrument? bassoon
  • Who is the choreographer? Nijinsky
  • What is the structure of the entire work? Two parts (part 1 - Adoration of the Earthy and Part 2 - the Sacrifice)
  • What part of the structure does the solo belong to? The bassoon solo is part of the Introduction.
64
Q

What is the name of the style characterized by repetition of melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic patterns with little variations?

A

Minimalism in music

65
Q

What is the term for a late 19th
century French literary movement in which authors suggest the subject matter rather than depict (describe) specifically?

A

Symbolism

66
Q

What type of poem is Prelude to “The Afternoon of a Faun”?

A

It is a symbolist poem.

67
Q

What is the term that means shifting of metrical grouping by changing the time signatures?

A

Changing meter

68
Q

Answer the following questions for the music excerpt.

-Title
-Composer
-Genre
-Structure

Name three rhythmic techniques used in this piece.

A

Title: Short Ride in a Fast Machine
Composer: John Adams
Genre: fanfare for orchestra
Structure: one movement (loosely divided into four sections based on the different wood blocks used)

-Cross-rhythms
-Changing meter (time signatures)
-Polyrhythms
-Ostinato
- Simultaneous use of simple and compound time

69
Q

What is the definition of ballet?

A

Ballet is a type of dance that tells a story. It was first developed in the 17th century and became extremely popular in the 19th century Russian court.

70
Q

What is the title of the complete work?

What is the title of the song this music excerpt is part of?

Name two instruments in the beginning of this excerpt that bring out a Latin feeling.

What rhythmic techniques are demonstrated in the excerpt?

Name two instruments that play wavy lines in triplets.

A

The complete work is West Side Story.

The music excerpt is the introduction of “Puerto Rico, you lovely island…”

Claves (wood blocks) and guiro (ribbed gourd) play the beginning of the introduction.

The excerpt contains cross-rhythm and rhythmic ostinato.

Spanish guitar and celesta play wavy lines in triplets.

71
Q

Who is Stephen Sondheim?

A

Stephen Sondheim is the lyricist for West Side Story, written by Bernstein.

72
Q

What is the title of the complete work?

What is the title of the song this music excerpt is part of?

What is the form after the introduction?

Who are the two main singers?

Who misses Puerto Rico?

Who likes living in Manhattan, USA?

What is the form in which groups and solo sing back and forth?

The chorus and verse alternate a 6/8 and 3/4 pattern. What is the name of this rhythmic technique?

How is the Latin flavor achieved?

A

The complete work is West Side Story.

The excerpt is from “I like to be in America”.

After the introduction, the form is verse-chorus.

Rosalia and Anita are the two main singers.

Rosalia likes Puerto Rico.

Anita likes Manhattan, USA.

When groups and solos sing back and forth, it’s called chorus and verse.

Hemiola effect is the main rhythmic technique in this song.

Latin flavor is achieved through use of guitar, claves, maracas and other percussion instruments.

73
Q

Provide the following for Short Ride in a Fast Machine

Composer
Genre
Structure
Performing forces

A

Short Ride in a Fast Machine

Composer: John Adams
Genre: fanfare for orchestra
Structure: one movement (loosely divided into four sections)
Performing forces: large symphony orchestra with two synthesizers

74
Q

What is the name of this music excerpt?

Describe the dancers dancing to the music excerpt.

How is primitivism created in the Dance of the Adolescents?

A

This is the Dance of the Adolescents. The dancers are divided into groups of young men and women. They stomp their feet and move their arms wildly.

The primitivism created in the Dance of the Adolescents with a strong, pounding rhythm.

75
Q

What is the title of part I of The Rite of Spring?

What are the titles of the three selections from part I that we studied?

A

Part I is called the Adoration of the Earth.

The three selections are: Introduction, Dance of the Adolescents and game of Abduction.

76
Q

What is the the name of a loud ceremonial tune with lots of brass instruments and is used to announcing important person or event?

A

fanfare

77
Q

What are the two song titles that we need to study in West Side Story?

A

“Maria”
and
“America” (consists of the introduction; “Puerto Rico, you lovely island…” and Chorus (“I like to be in America”) and verse)

78
Q

Provide the following for the following Excerpt.

  • Title of entire collection
  • Title of the piece the excerpt is from
  • Composer
  • What is the general style of this piece?
  • Describe the end of the piece/this excerpt?
A
  • Music for Piano the entire collection
  • Changes
  • Louie
  • The piece is a minimalist style
  • The ending gradually becomes softer until the end. The last dynamics indication is “perdendosi.” gradually fading away.”
79
Q

What is the musical style developed in the early 20th century in the US and combines elements of African, popular, and European music? It is based on improvisation.

A

Jazz

80
Q

Define Symbolism

A

It is a late 19th century French literary movement in which authors suggest the subject matter rather than depict (describe) specifically. One such author was Mallarme.

Jenny - MH9 - Winter 2024 (84 decks)

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