Scientific principles and process Flashcards
What is the scientific cycle
Observation; construction of a testable hypothesis; experimental design; gathering, recording, and analysis of data; evaluation of results and conclusions; the formation of a revised hypothesis where necessary.
What does the null hypothesis propose
The null hypothesis proposes that there will be no statistically significant effect as a result of the experiment treatment.
How is a null hypothesis rejected
If there is evidence for an effect, unlikely due to chance, then the null hypothesis is rejected.
What is required for scientific ideas to be accepted
Scientific ideas only become accepted once they have been checked independently. Effects must be reproducible, one-off results are treated with caution.
What is the importance of publication methods, data, analysis, and conclusions in scientific reports
The importance of publication of methods, data, analysis, and conclusions in scientific reports so that others can be able to repeat an experiment.
What are common methods of sharing original scientific findings
Common methods of sharing original scientific findings include seminars, talks, and posters at conferences and publishing in academic journals.
What’s the importance of peer review and critical evaluation by specialists with expertise in the relevant field
Most scientific publications use peer review. Specialists with expertise in the relevant field assess the scientific quality of a submitted manuscript and make recommendations regarding its suitability for publication.
Why are review articles used
They summarise current knowledge and recent findings in a particular field.
What’s the importance of integrity and honesty- how can the opportunity for dishonesty be reduced?
While judgments and interpretations of scientific evidence may be disputed, integrity and honesty are of key importance in science. The replication of experiments by others reduces the opportunity for dishonesty or the deliberate misuse of science.
In animal studies, what concepts are used to minimise the harm to animals
In animals, the concepts of replacement, reduction, and refinement are used to avoid, reduce, or minimise the harm to animals.
What concepts are used in human studies
Informed consent, the right to withdraw, and confidentiality are used in human studies.
Why must there be justification for scientific research and the assessment of any risks
The value of quality of science investigations must be justifiable in terms of the benefits of its outcome, including the pursuit of scientific knowledge. As a result of the risks involved, many areas of scientific research are highly regulated and licensed by governments.
What type of risks must be taken into account
The risk and safety of subject species, individuals, investigators, and the environment must be taken into account.
What can influence scientific research
Legislation limits the potential for the misuse of studies and data.
