Year 1 Reactions Flashcards
Homologous series
Family of compounds with similar chemical structures , where each has same functional group and successive members differ by ch2 group
What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon
Anything with at least one doubl or triple bond
Es isomerism conditions
Must be a double bond
Must have different function, groups on each atom
Why double?
- thr double bond had electron density above and below the plane of Cabrini, and this electron density restricts rotation and movement. As a result atoms can only exist in certain positions creating stereos isomers
Use the chain i golf rules to determine highest ranking, this I’d thr first point of difference using the HIGHEST PROTON NUMBER ATOM , if same side then Z if opposed then E
Cis trans is a special case of ez isomerism, that’s when there is ONE NYDROGEN KN ESCH SIDE, as this guaranteed the othe will always be higher, vie is same trans iooeite
Why are double bond s’more reactive
2nreaosns
The increased electron density means there is a higher chance electrons can react as they are more exposed
Also double bond enthalpy is WEAKER THAN THE SIGMA BOND thus it breaks easier
4 reactions of alkenes
1) hallgantion (room temp)
2) HYDROGEN HALIDE (room temp) , same thing it’s just different products using markdown I’m off rule works ( the this is electrophikic additoj
3) halogenation , reauires nickel catalyst and 50° ( colourless bromine)
4) hydration, requires steam and phosphoric acid concentrated, reflux probs, makes an alchol
Remember markdown I’m off and actual rule
Makeonifkofd said hydrogen wukk go to CARBIN with most hydrogens
Actual rule is the CARBIN cationnwull form on thr ksotnstable carbon, which is the one attached to the most alkyl groups
This is because alkyl grouos more donate and push electrons towards the charge which helps spread it out over and so more stable
So yeah
Why are alcohols less volatile, have higher boiling points wnd more soluble than alkeane
Why disappears as the chain increases
Hydrogen bonds means less folwlrile, and a,so higher boiling and also more solubility
Phowever increase chain length and this effect bevaokee less and less notiflebke
Reactions of schools
Oxidisation
- distill, aldehyde, water made one O
- reflux , carbox, one water made 2O
- secondary alchol , reflux gives one water and one O, KETONE MADE
dehydration
- conc acid calf lady’s and reflux, makes alkene
SIBSTITION WITH SODIUM Halide , this makes a HALOLAKEN AGAIN
Here the Hydroegn halide is made in vitu
Reflux with sukfruic acidn
Again alchol to halolaken?
Must reflux with NABR and H2so4, and this allows substion to happen and make it become a halolakne
Nucleophiles examples
Anything that donated a pair of electrons = must be able to have one
So OH-, Water, ammonia etc
Hydrolysis reaction
Is where a halolaken can become an alchol again
And substation with sodium bromide and h2so4 is where alchol becomes halolaken
Strength of halogen bond and thus rate of hdyrpysosntrend .
The stentgh of halogens DECREASES lower you go, so rate of hdyroylisn INCREASES
How to test for rate of hydrolysis
The halolakne with aqueous silver nitrate and ethanol
The aqeuous will provide Oh- ions needed to make the haloalkanes become alcohols and the halogens then displace nitrate to form milk cream butter predicated
You can use an X and time how long it takes to diseased
Should find that iodine takes quickest and the chlorine takes slowest
How do CFCS deplete ozone
As they travel atmosphere the UV radiation is ensign to break the CARBIN halogen bond, and then the halogens RADICALS a interfere with delicate equkibkrum of ozone and oxygen
Ozone depletion
Radical halogen reacts with O 3 and cancel out
Or radical No reacts and cancels out , produced lightening fuel engine s
