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Linguistics 200 > Weeks 1-6 > Flashcards

Weeks 1-6 Flashcards

1
Q

Name all the function words

A 
Determiner
Preposition
Auxiliary verb
Pronoun
Conjunction
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2
Q

Name all the content words

A 
Noun
Full verb
Adjective
Adverb
Interjection
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3
Q

Definition of words

A

The smallest meaningful unit that can be used on its own

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4
Q

definition of phrases

A

Smallest syntactic unit

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5
Q

definition of clauses

A

Sequence of words with a verb as the central component

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6
Q

definition of sentences

A

Contain one or more clauses

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7
Q

what is the subject of a clause

A

The topic of the clause i.e., what or who is doing the verb (possible to have a dummy it subject)

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8
Q

How must subjects agree with the verb

A
  1. Number (singular/plural)
    • the dogs are barking
    • the dog is barking
  2. Person (1st, 2nd, 3rd)
    • I am, you are, he is
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9
Q

what are intransitive and transitive verbs

A

Transitive verbs require a direct object

Intransitive verbs do not have an object

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10
Q

What is a finite verb

A

Verbs that signal number, tense and person

Number: he workS
Tense: she workED
Person: He workS

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11
Q

What is a nonfinite verb

A

Verbs that do not express tense, numbers or person
(-ing participle)

  1. Base form/infinitive
    • they will SEE
  2. -ing participle
    • I am speakING
  3. -ed/-en participle
    • I have talkED
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12
Q

What is the direct object at a clause level

A

Directly affected by the action of the verb

Note: can also be a pronoun e.g., no-one saw HER

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13
Q

What is a indirect object at the clause level

A

The recipient/beneficiary of the action

Sentence will all ready have a direct object

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14
Q

what is the subject complement at the clause level

A

Something that gives more information about the subject

=

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15
Q

What is the object complement at the clause level

A

Identifies or characterises the direct object

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16
Q

What is an adverbial at the clause level

A

Relates to the verb

Expresses a range of meanings, especially time (when) ,manner (how), place (where)

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17
Q

What are the four different types of sentences

A

Declaratives
Interrogatives
Imperatives
Exclamatives

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18
Q

What are sentences based on

A

Meaning

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19
Q

What are the four types of declarative senentences

A

Affirmative declarative
Negative declarative
Passive declarative
Passive negative declarative

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20
Q

What is a declarative sentence

A
  • It is a statement or declaration
  • converts information
  • subject precedes the verb
21
Q

What is a interrogative sentence

A
  • questions- seek information
22
Q

Types of interrogative questions

A
  1. Yes / no
    • dummy do can be used when only a full verb is present
    • subject verb inversion
  2. Wh interrogatives
  3. Tag questions
23
Q

What are imperative sentences

A
  • used to issue commands
  • may or may not have a subject
  • let commands~ let me see
  • do commands ~ don’t do that
24
Q

What is an exclamative sentence

A
  • used to exclaim something

- may begin with “what” or “how”

25
Q

What are the two types of auxiliary verbs

A
  • Primary

- Modal

26
Q

What are the primary auxiliary verbs and the symbol

A

Aux-O

Be, have, do

27
Q

What are the modal auxiliary verbs

A

Can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would

28
Q

Can auxiliary verbs be used as the main verb

A

No

29
Q

What is a copula verb

A

Main verb that joins the subject with a complement

-be (most common), appear, seem, become, feel, smell

30
Q

What are the two kinds of suffix in English

A

Inflectional and derivational

31
Q

What are inflectional suffix

A
  • All content words have inflectional suffix

- main function is grammatical (expect for some which are meaningful i.e. possessive s)

32
Q

What are the 8 types of inflectional suffix

A
  1. Plural
  2. Possessive
  3. Third person singular present tense
  4. Past tense/ simple past
  5. Past/passive participle
  6. Progressive
  7. Comparative
  8. Superlative
33
Q

What is third person singular tense and the symbol

A
  • 3s
  • e.g., She likeS bts
  • if the word that it is attached to is a verb, it is 3s
34
Q

What is progressive ing and its symbol

A
  • ing
  • means an ongoing action
  • always occurs with an auxiliary verb
35
Q

What is a past participle and its symbol

A
  • en
  • regular forms ed, en
  • refers to the past
36
Q

Pronouns often have…

A

-Number contrast (singular vs plural)
-Person distinction (first, second, third)
-Gender contrast
Case distinction (subjective, objective, possessive)

37
Q

Can pronouns change case depending on the pronoun’s grammatical function

A

Yes

38
Q

Case pronouns

A
  • Subjective (pron-p)
    I, you, he, she, it, we, they

-Objective (pron-o)
Me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them

-Possessive (pron-o)
Mine, yours, his, hers, its. Ours, yours, theirs

39
Q

How to determine if is is a pronoun or a determiner

A

Determiners come before a noun

Pronouns can be replaced by a whole noun phrase

40
Q

What is an intensifier

A
  • Int
  • Type of adverb
  • indicates an increase/decrease in degree or extent
41
Q

What is an intensifier

A
  • Int
  • Type of adverb
  • indicates an increase/decrease in degree or extent
  • Not in regards to verbs (that is just an adverb)
42
Q

What is a sentence with only one clause called

A

Simple sentence

43
Q

What is a sentence with more than one clause called

A

Multiple sentence

44
Q

Name the three types of multiple sentences

A
  • Compound sentence
  • Complex sentence
  • Compound-complex sentences
45
Q

What is a compound sentence

A

More than one clause linked by a coordination (clauses at the same level)

-Each clause could stand independently

46
Q

What is a complex sentence

A

More than one clause linked by subordination (clauses at different levels)

-A main clause with one or more subordinate clauses

47
Q

What is a compound-complex sentence

A

Coordination and subordination

48
Q

What are coordinators and their symbol

A
  • c

- and, but, or, (nor)

49
Q

What are subordinates and their symbol

A
  • s
  • after, until, where, while, because, as, if ,that (simple subordinates)

-as far as, now that, so that, as of, in case, rather than (compound subordinates)

Linguistics 200 (2 decks)

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