Week Four - Functional Neuroanatomy

Question 1

Where in is the primary motor area located and what is its function?

Answer 1

• broadman’s area 4
• It is located in the precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe
• contralateral motor control of the body
• source of descending motor pathways
• contains an inverted somatotopic map

Question 2

In the primary motor cortex, the somatotopic map is…

Answer 2

• Proportional to the precision of movement control.
• The hands, face and tongue are disproportionately large
• a useful landmark for identifying the primary motor cortex is the inverted omega sign

Question 3

Where is the primary somatosensory area located and what is its function?

Answer 3

• Broadman’s area 1,2,3
• The primary somatosensory cortex is located on the post central gyrus
• contains a somatotopic map, like the primary motor cortex, but instead of measuring precision of motor control, it measures the degree of tactile sensitivity

Question 4

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

Answer 4

-Broadman’s area 41, 42

• located in the temporal lobe
• heschl’s gyrus

Question 5

Where is the primary visual area?

Answer 5

• Broadman’s area 17

- located in the occipital lobes

Question 6

What are the two association areas? Xoxoxoxoxoxxooxoxox

Answer 6

• a secondary area
• specific area next to primary area
• they receive input from primary areas
• higher order processing
• integration & interpretation sensory info
• integration & initiation motor activities

Question 7

What are the association areas in the frontal lobe?

Answer 7

• Premotor area
• supplementary motor area
• Broca’s area
• prefrontal area

Question 8

What re the association areas in the parietal lobe?

Answer 8

• Somatosensory association cortex
• interpretation of sensory info

-Posterior parietal cortex

-inferior parietal cortex
*

Question 9

Lesions in the posterior parietal cortex may result in…

Answer 9

Neglect syndrome

Apraxia

Question 10

Lesions in somatosensory association cortex may result in…

Answer 10

Astereognosia- inability to recognise objects by touch

Question 11

What is the difference between primary areas and association areas?

Answer 11

Primary areas do not interpret the info that comes in, whereas association areas do

Question 12

Functions and location of the premotor area

Answer 12

• association area of the frontal lobe
• planning of movement
• motor maps fro larger muscle groups
• integration and interpretation of motor info
• anterior to primary motor area

Question 13

Function and location of supplementary motor area

Answer 13

• association area of the frontal lobe
• maps for postural stabilisation
• initiation of speech
• anterior to motor area, superior to premotor area

Question 14

Function and location of Broca’s area

Answer 14

• association area of frontal lobe
• programs speech movements
• pars triangularis and opercularis in dominant hemisphere

Question 15

Function and location of prefrontal area

Answer 15

-association area in the frontal lobe

• role in executive function
• working memory
• personality

Anterior to the premotor area

Question 16

Association areas in the parietal lobe

Answer 16

• somatosensory association cortex
• posterior parietal cortex
• multimodal association area

Question 17

What is the location and function of the somatosensory association cortex?

Answer 17

• interprets sensory information

- adjacent to primary somatosensory area

Question 18

What is the role and location of the posterior parietal cortex?

Answer 18

• association area of the parietal lobe
• somatosensory and visual integration
• visuospatial perception and attention

Question 19

What is the role and function of the inferior parietal cortex?

Answer 19

• association area of the parietal lobe
• multimodal association cortex
• role in receptive language in dominant hemisphere
• role in spatial and symbolic representation of abstract concepts

Question 20

What is the role of the hippocampus?

Answer 20

• episodic memory

- spatial navigation

Question 21

Role of the amygdala

Answer 21

• plays a role in emotional response

- determines emotional significance of events and generates appropriate emotional response

Question 22

What structures are included in the basal ganglia?

Answer 22

• caudate (tail) nucleus
• putamen
• globus pallidus

Question 23

What consists of the striatum?

Answer 23

Caudate nucleus and putamen

Question 24

What consists of the lentiform nucleus?

Answer 24

Putamen and globus pallidus

Question 25

What consists of the corpus striatum?

Answer 25

Caudate and lentiform nuclei

Question 26

What is the role of the basal ganglia?

Answer 26

• regulate cortical initiated motor activity
• suppress movements to precise motor activity
• adjust automatic motor movements
• learned reflex control
• emotions, personality and cognition

Question 27

Basal ganglia damage

Answer 27

• Movement changes
• hypokinesia, hyperkinesia, bradykinesia, akinesia

-resting tremor

• athetosis
• constant slow twisting movement in muscles
• chorea
• rhythmic involuntary movements

Question 28

Role of thalamus

Answer 28

• gate keeper
• most ascending sensory info arrives here first before going to cortex
• acts as a filter and relays info to other brain areas

Question 29

Role of hypothalamus

Answer 29

Regulates:

• body temp
• food intake
• water balance
• hormonal secretions
• emotional behaviour
• sexual responses

-role in control of autonomic nervous system

Question 30

Cerebellar damage

Answer 30

• ataxia
• lack of coordination in sequential voluntary muscle activities
• dysmetria
• error in the judgement of a movements range and distance to the target

-intention tremor

• dysdiadochokinesia
• failure in the sequential progression of motor activities