Week 5 Intracellular Accumulation

Question 1

what is steatosis? what cell types 4?

Answer 1

triglycerides (lipid droplets) in cytoplasm of hepatocytes (also in heart, muscle, kidney)

Question 2

what are the two general causes of steatosis?

Answer 2

excess FAs or decreased VLDL production

Question 3

how can excess FAs appear in the liver? 4

Answer 3

1. insulin resistance: defective insulin signaling no longer inhibits HSL and FFAs are produced from adipocytes
2. Oritc acid: lipogenesis in liver due to hypoxia or deficiency in essential FAs
3. Fatty Acid Oxidation disorder (FAs accumulate)
4. ethanol metabolism: beta oxidation decreases and FAs accumulate

in each case the accumulation of FAs leads to the formation of TGs and lipid droplets

Question 4

how do lipid droplets appear in H&E and Oil Red O stain?

Answer 4

H&E: large clear vacuoles (“soap bubbles”)

Oil Red O stain: stains lipids red

Question 5

what causes Xanthoma and Atherosclerosis?

Answer 5

accumulation of cholesterol in macrophages of heel/knee or arteries.

Question 6

how does Xanthoma and Atherosclerosis appear in a slide?

Answer 6

“foamy macrophages” many small clear droplets within a cell

Question 7

what causes gaucher disease/glucocerebrosidase deficiency

Answer 7

accumulation of glucocerebrosides (lipids) in macrophages of liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow due to a LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISEASE

Question 8

how does guacher disease appear on a slide?

Answer 8

wrinkled tissue paper appearance of macrophage cytoplasm

Question 9

what causes I cell disease

Answer 9

lysosomal storage disease caused by the inability of M-6-P to be added to acid hydrolases in the golgi. Acid hydrolases are exocytosed instead of going to lysosomes.

Question 10

how does I-cell disease appear under a microscope

Answer 10

inclusions cells. lysosomes have an abundance of stainable material within them.

Question 11

what causes A1AT deficiency

Answer 11

misfolded aggregates of alpha-1-antitrypsin accumulate in ER of liver dues to abnormal folding. (also leads to emphysema)

Question 12

how does A1AT deficiency appear with H&E? PAS&Diastase?

Answer 12

H&E: proteins appear pink in ER (round, smooth hyaline globules)
PAS&Diastase: if stain remains know it is not just glycogen (glycoprotein)

Question 13

in general how do proteins appear in H&E

Answer 13

pink

Question 14

how will alcoholic liver disease present in a stain?

Answer 14

Mallory bodies: aggregates of keratin IF that stain pink, not smooth like hyaline globules)

Question 15

how will glycogen storage diseases appear when using PAS and Diastase

Answer 15

no stain is present; appear as vacuoles

Question 16

how will water accumulation appear in a stain?

Answer 16

water does not stain. appear as vacuoles

Question 17

what will lipofuscin pigment look like in an H&E stain? what is it?

Answer 17

golden-brown pigment in cytoplasm of cardiac muscle cells. caused by collection of lipids and proteins that cannot be metabolized

Question 18

how will melanin appear in an H&E stain?

Answer 18

brown-black pigment in cytoplasm of skin cells

Question 19

how will the accumulaiton of hemosiderin appear in H&E? what stain is used to prove this?

Answer 19

coarse, golden, yellow-brown intracellular pigment. prussian blue stain (for iron) proves it

Question 20

what is anthracosis

Answer 20

accumulaiton of exogenous carbon by alveolar macrophages (pollution)

Question 21

how does anthracosis appear in H&E?

Answer 21

black carbon particles