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1st Term / PHA115 > Week 20 / The Circulatory System 2 > Flashcards

Week 20 / The Circulatory System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Q: What is the size and structure of the heart?

A

A: The heart is a hollow, muscular organ about the size of a clenched fist.

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2
Q

Q: Where is the heart located?

A

A: The heart is located in the mediastinum, midline between the sternum (breastbone) and the vertebrae (backbone).

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3
Q

Q: What surrounds the heart?

A

A: The heart is surrounded by a double-layered membrane called the pericardium.

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4
Q

Q: What is the visceral pericardium?

A

A: The visceral pericardium (epicardium) is the inner layer of the pericardium that covers the entire heart.

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5
Q

Q: What is the parietal pericardium?

A

A: The parietal pericardium is the outer layer of the pericardium that attaches to the great vessels, sternum, and diaphragm.

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6
Q

Q: What is the pericardial cavity and its function?

A

A: The pericardial cavity contains 30-50 ml of serous fluid, which reduces friction between the heart layers during contraction.

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7
Q

Q: How many chambers does the heart have, and what is its primary function?

A

A: The heart is a 4-chambered muscular organ that functions as two separate pumps: left and right-sided pumps.

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8
Q

Q: What are the two types of chambers in each pump of the heart?

A

A: Each pump consists of an upper chamber (atrium) and a lower chamber (ventricle).

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9
Q

Q: How do the upper and lower chambers of the heart connect?

A

A: Each upper chamber opens into the lower chamber through a valve (tricuspid on the right side and mitral on the left side).

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10
Q

Q: What separates the left and right pumps of the heart?

A

A: The left and right pumps are separated by a continuous muscular partition called the septum.

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11
Q

Q: What is the primary function of the right-sided pump of the heart?

A

A: The right-sided pump is concerned with pulmonary circulation and gaseous exchange.

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12
Q

Q: What type of blood does the right-sided pump receive and from where?

A

A: It receives deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation.

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13
Q

Q: Where does the right-sided pump send blood, and for what purpose?

A

A: It pumps blood to the lungs (pulmonary circulation) for re-oxygenation and carbon dioxide removal.

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14
Q

Q: How does blood exit the right ventricle of the heart?

A

A: Blood exits the right ventricle through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery.

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15
Q

Q: What is the primary function of the left-sided pump of the heart?

A

A: The left-sided pump is concerned with systemic circulation, supplying oxygen and nutrients to organs and tissues.

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16
Q

Q: What type of blood does the left-sided pump receive and from where?

A

A: It receives re-oxygenated blood from the lungs (pulmonary circulation).

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17
Q

Q: Where does the left-sided pump send blood, and for what purpose?

A

A: It pumps blood into systemic circulation to supply oxygen and nutrients to organs and tissues.

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18
Q

Q: How does blood exit the left ventricle of the heart?

A

A: Blood exits the left ventricle through the aortic valve into the aorta.

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19
Q

Q: What are the two main types of blood vessels associated with the heart?

A

A: The two main types of blood vessels are the great cardiac vessels and the coronary vessels.

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20
Q

Q: What is the function of the great cardiac vessels?

A

A: The great cardiac vessels carry blood to and from the heart chambers and systemic and pulmonary circulations.

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21
Q

Q: What are the great cardiac vessels?

A

A: The great cardiac vessels include:

Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
Aorta

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22
Q

Q: What are the two main types of blood vessels associated with the heart?

A

A: The two main types are the great cardiac vessels and the coronary vessels.

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23
Q

Q: What is the function of the coronary vessels?

A

A: The coronary vessels form the coronary circulation, which is the specialized blood supply system of the heart.

24
Q

Q: What are the key components of the coronary circulation?

A

A: The key components include:

Left and right coronary arteries
Coronary sinus
Great, middle, anterior, and posterior cardiac veins
Thebesian veins

25
Q

Q: What is the function of the aorta in the circulatory system?

A

A: The aorta accepts output from the left ventricle, is the first vessel of the systemic circulation, and sustains the highest systolic pressure (~140 mmHg).

26
Q

Q: What is the role of the pulmonary artery?

A

A: The pulmonary artery accepts output from the right ventricle, is the first vessel of the pulmonary circulation, and sustains a peak pressure of ~25 mmHg.

27
Q

Q: What are the superior and inferior vena cavae?

A

A: They are the largest vessels returning deoxygenated blood to the heart (right atrium) from systemic circulation.

28
Q

Q: What is the function of the pulmonary veins?

A

A: The pulmonary veins are the largest vessels returning oxygenated blood to the heart (left atrium) from pulmonary circulation.

29
Q

Q: What do the coronary arteries and veins do?

A

A: The coronary arteries and veins supply blood to cardiac muscle tissue. The arteries branch off from the aorta immediately above the aortic valve, and the veins drain blood into the right atrium.

30
Q

Q: Why does the heart require a constant and adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients?

A

A: The heart beats constantly throughout life, necessitating a continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients to sustain its function.

31
Q

Q: How is oxygen and nutrient supply provided to the myocardium?

A

A: It is supplied by a special network of blood vessels consisting of the left and right coronary arteries.

32
Q

Q: What happens to coronary blood flow during systole?

A

A: Coronary blood flow is reduced during systole, creating a delicate balance between myocardial oxygen demand and supply.

33
Q

Q: Why does the heart have a low oxygen reserve?

A

A: The heart has high oxygen extraction, meaning it uses most of the oxygen supplied, leaving a low reserve for additional demand.

34
Q

Q: How does coronary circulation relate to cardiac output?

A

A: The coronary circulation receives a disproportionate share of cardiac output to meet the high metabolic demands of the myocardium.

35
Q

Q: How many valves are there in the heart, and what is their primary function?

A

A: The heart has four strategically placed valves that ensure unidirectional blood flow and prevent backflow.

36
Q

Q: What are the atrioventricular (AV) valves, and where are they located?

A

A:

Tricuspid valve: Located between the right atrium and right ventricle.
Bicuspid/Mitral valve: Located between the left atrium and left ventricle.

37
Q

Flashcard 3:
Q: What are the semilunar valves, and where are they located?

A

A:
Pulmonic valve: Located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery.

Aortic valve: Located between the left ventricle and aorta.

38
Q

Q: Why are the heart valves described as one-way openings?

A

A: They open in only one direction to prevent backflow of blood, ensuring proper circulation.

39
Q

Q: What are the three distinct layers of the heart wall?

A

A: The three layers of the heart wall are:

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium

40
Q

Q: What is the function of the endocardium?

A

A: The endocardium is the innermost layer of the heart, made up of endothelial cells. It permits smooth blood flow and prevents clotting.

41
Q

Q: What is the myocardium, and what is its role in the heart?

A

A: The myocardium is the middle layer of the heart wall, composed of cardiac muscle. It forms the bulk of the heart and is responsible for contraction.

42
Q

Q: What is the function of the epicardium?

A

A: The epicardium is the outer protective layer of the heart wall. It also embeds the coronary blood vessels.

43
Q

Q: What are the two main specialized types of heart cells?

A

A: The two main types of heart cells are contractile cells and electrical (or autorhythmic) cells.

44
Q

Q: What are contractile cells, and what is their function?

A

A: Contractile cells are cardiac muscle cells, making up 99% of heart cells. They mediate the mechanical, pumping work of the heart and form interlacing bundles that are arranged spirally around the heart. They do not initiate their own action potentials.

45
Q

Q: Where are contractile cells found in the heart?

A

A: Contractile cells largely constitute the myocardium and septum and include atrial and ventricular muscle cells.

46
Q

Q: What are electrical (autorhythmic) cells, and what is their function?

A

A: Electrical cells do not contract and are specialized for initiating and conducting action potentials, which activate and trigger the contraction of muscle cells.

47
Q

What are the components of the electrical cell system in the heart?

A

A: The components include:

Sinoatrial node (SA node)
Atrioventricular node (AV node)
Bundle of His (Atrioventricular bundle)
Purkinje fibers

48
Q

Q: What is the resting membrane potential (RMP) of cardiac cells?

A

A: The RMP is when the cell membrane is polarized, meaning the inside is negative compared to the outside.

49
Q

Q: What causes the polarization of the cardiac cell membrane at rest?

A

A: The polarization is due to the unequal distribution of ions across the cell membrane.

50
Q

Q: How do ions cross the cardiac cell membrane?

A

A: Ions can cross the cell membrane via ion channels, which open and close in a voltage- and time-dependent manner.

51
Q

Q: What happens to K+ channels at rest in cardiac cells?

A

A: K+ channels selectively open in the cell membrane at rest, and the RMP is closer to the K+ equilibrium potential.

52
Q

Q: What is the behavior of automatic cardiac cells at rest?

A

A: Automatic cardiac cells exhibit slow, spontaneous depolarization during rest.

53
Q

Q: What is excitability in cardiac cells?

A

A: Excitability is the ability of cardiac cells to respond to an electrical stimulus by firing an action potential (AP).

54
Q

Q: What causes the action potential (AP) in cardiac cells?

A

A: The AP is caused by the voltage- and time-dependent opening and closing of specific ion channels.

55
Q

Q: What are the two types of cardiac action potentials (APs)?

A

A: The two types of cardiac APs are fast APs and slow APs.

56
Q

Q: How do fast and slow APs differ in conduction characteristics?

A

A:

Fast AP: High conduction velocity (~1-4 ms/s).

Slow AP: Slow conduction velocity (~0.02-0.1 ms/s), more easily blocked, and liable to conduction failure at high repetition rates

1st Term / PHA115 (35 decks)

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