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Research Methods > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

ASK: Defining a research question

1
Q

What are some ways to develop an interest in a health-related research issue?

A

Interest can be developed through a clinical problem or encounter, research literature, personal experience, or networking.

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2
Q

How can clinical problems or encounters contribute to forming a research question?

A

Clinical problems or encounters can highlight gaps in knowledge or unresolved issues that can lead to valuable research questions.

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3
Q

What role does the research literature play in developing a research question?

A

Research literature can help identify existing knowledge gaps, inspire new ideas, or provide a foundation for further investigation.

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4
Q

How can personal experience influence the development of a research question?

A

Personal experience can provide unique insights or perspectives that lead to the formulation of research questions that address practical health-related issues.

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5
Q

What is the importance of networking in developing a research question?

A

Networking with professionals in the field can lead to collaborations, new ideas, and exposure to pressing health-related problems that need investigation.

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6
Q

What attitudes are essential when developing a research question?

A

A healthy mix of creativity, skepticism, and flexibility is essential when developing a research question.

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7
Q

Why is creativity important in developing a research question?

A

Creativity helps in generating innovative ideas and exploring new areas of research.

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8
Q

How does skepticism benefit the development of a research question?

A

Skepticism encourages critical thinking, helping to avoid assumptions and ensuring that the question addresses a genuine problem.

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9
Q

Why is flexibility important when developing a research question?

A

Flexibility allows researchers to adapt their question based on new information or challenges, improving the quality and relevance of the research.

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10
Q

How do literature reviews influence the development of research questions?

A

Literature reviews provide insights from related studies that can lead to modifications and refinements of the research question.

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11
Q

Why is reviewing the published literature important for forming a research question?

A

Reviewing the literature helps identify gaps, inconsistencies, and areas that need further investigation, guiding the formation of a relevant research question.

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12
Q

What is a common outcome of reviewing related studies in the literature?

A

It is common for researchers to modify their initial research question based on findings from the reviewed literature.

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13
Q

How often do research questions get refined during the literature review process?

A

Research questions are commonly refined multiple times, often through repeated review and reflection on the literature.

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14
Q

Why is it necessary to refine a research question multiple times?

A

Refinement ensures that the research question is clear, focused, and addresses a significant gap in the existing literature.

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15
Q

What is the key benefit of continuously refining a research question during literature review?

A

Continuous refinement ensures that the research question remains relevant and grounded in the context of current research.

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16
Q

What is the most common source of research ideas for researchers?

A

The most common source of research ideas is reviewing past research to identify what information is missing.

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17
Q

Why is it important to know what is already known in a field of research?

A

Understanding what is already known helps researchers identify gaps, inconsistencies, or unresolved issues that can inspire new research questions.

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18
Q

What are two key resources for understanding what is already known in a field?

A

Research/review articles and scientific conferences are key resources for identifying existing knowledge and research gaps.

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19
Q

How can scientific conferences help generate research ideas?

A

Scientific conferences offer opportunities to learn about current research, discover gaps, and network with other researchers to identify future research directions.

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20
Q

What is the purpose of conducting a literature search in databases?

A

A literature search helps identify suggested future research, conflicting findings, and gaps in the existing literature.

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21
Q

What is the primary aim of applied research?

A

Applied research is aimed at solving practical problems, such as determining the cause of a problem and how to treat, cure, or prevent a specific disease.

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22
Q

Why is applied research common in the health sciences?

A

It focuses on addressing real-world health problems, making it the most common type of research question in the health sciences.

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23
Q

Can you give an example of an applied research question?

A

An example of an applied research question would be, “How can we prevent the spread of a specific disease?”

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24
Q

What is the focus of basic research?

A

Basic research focuses on curiosity and the discovery of new ideas, often aimed at solving theoretical issues without immediate practical benefits.

25
Q

How does basic research contribute to applied research?

A

By resolving key theoretical issues, basic research lays the groundwork for the development of applied research that can lead to practical solutions.

26
Q

Can you give an example of a basic research question?

A

An example of a basic research question would be, “What is the specific genetic code of the fruit fly?”

27
Q

What distinguishes basic research from applied research in terms of benefits?

A

Basic research often has no immediate practical benefits, while applied research directly addresses practical problems with the goal of finding solutions.

28
Q

What is the focus of research questions related to therapy?

A

Therapy questions focus on the effects of an intervention, such as medication, surgery, or other treatments, on a patient.

29
Q

Can you give an example of a research question related to therapy?

A

An example is, “What are the effects of a new medication on reducing blood pressure in patients with hypertension?”

30
Q

What is the primary goal of diagnosis/screening research questions?

A

Diagnosis/screening questions aim to establish the ability of a test to differentiate between individuals with or without a particular disease or condition.

31
Q

Can you provide an example of a research question focused on diagnosis/screening?

A

An example is, “How effective is breast cancer screening in detecting early-stage breast cancer in women over 50?”

32
Q

What do research questions about risk and protective factors seek to identify?

A

These questions aim to identify risk factors and conditions associated with the onset of a disease or protective factors that prevent it.

33
Q

Can you provide an example of a research question related to risk and protective factors?

A

An example is, “How does smoking increase the risk of developing lung cancer, and what protective factors, such as social support, reduce this risk?”

34
Q

What is the difference between risk factors and protective factors in research?

A

Risk factors increase the likelihood of a disease or condition, while protective factors reduce the likelihood or prevent the onset of a disease or condition.

35
Q

What does the FINER criteria stand for when evaluating a research question?

A

FINER stands for Feasible (possible to investigate), Interesting, Novel (new), Ethical, and Relevant (addresses real-world problems).

36
Q

What does the FINGER criteria stand for when evaluating a research question?

A

FINGER stands for Feasible (possible to investigate), Interesting, Novel (new), Good for your career, Ethical, and Relevant (addresses real-world problems).

37
Q

Why should your research question focus on a topic of potential long-term interest?

A

Focusing on a long-term interest helps you stay motivated and can lead to future opportunities in the same field.

38
Q

How can developing a research question benefit your acquisition of new knowledge and skills?

A

A well-developed research question can help you acquire knowledge and skills that can be applied to future projects, enhancing your expertise.

39
Q

How can your research question help you connect with other people and organizations?

A

By focusing on relevant issues, your research question can create opportunities to collaborate and build long-term relationships with key people and organizations in your field.

40
Q

What are the career advantages of developing a research question that is good for long-term relationships?

A

Building long-term relationships with people and organizations can lead to collaborations, networking opportunities, and career growth.

41
Q

What does the “P” in the PICO framework stand for?

A

“P” stands for Patient, Population, or Problem

42
Q

What does the “I” in the PICO framework represent?

A

“I” represents the Intervention being studied

43
Q

What does the “C” in the PICO framework represent?

A

“C” represents the Comparison or Control group.

44
Q

What does the “O” in the PICO framework stand for?

A

“O” stands for the Outcome or result being measured.

45
Q

How is a PICO research question structured?

A

A PICO question asks, “How does [Intervention] (I) compared with [Comparison] (C) affect [Outcome] (O) among [Patient, Population, or Problem] (P)?”

46
Q

Can you give an example of a PICO research question?

A

An example would be, “How does a new medication (I) compared with a placebo (C) affect blood pressure reduction (O) in patients with hypertension (P)?”

47
Q

How does PICO help in crafting a research question?

A

PICO helps create a clearly worded question that can be addressed by research.

48
Q

How does PICO assist in finding the right information for your research question?

A

PICO helps identify the information needed to answer the question by translating it into searchable terms and refining the search approach.

49
Q

Why is it important to translate a PICO question into searchable terms?

A

Translating a PICO question into searchable terms ensures that you can efficiently find relevant studies and data to answer your research question.

50
Q

How does PICO help refine the search approach for research?

A

PICO allows you to focus on specific elements (Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) that streamline the search process and improve the quality of your results.

51
Q

What is the primary use of the PICO formula in research?

A

The PICO formula is used to develop ‘cause and effect’ research questions, typically for experimental designs like randomized control trials (RCTs).

52
Q

In which type of studies is the PIO formula used?

A

The PIO formula is used for observational studies where the intervention is considered a possible source of causation contributing to an outcome.

53
Q

What is the main difference between PICO and PIO questions?

A

PICO is used for experimental designs that examine cause and effect, while PIO is used for observational studies where the intervention may influence the outcome but isn’t manipulated experimentally.

54
Q

Can you give an example of a research question using the PIO formula?

A

An example of a PIO question might be, “How does exposure to air pollution (Intervention) affect the development of asthma (Outcome) in children (Population)?”

55
Q

What is one common feature of a bad research question?

A

A bad research question has simple or easy answers.

56
Q

Why might a research question be considered unanswerable?

A

A research question is unanswerable if the information needed to answer it cannot be obtained or if there is no answer at all.

57
Q

Why are questions that can only be answered with an opinion considered bad for certain types of research?

A

Opinion-based questions are unsuitable for experimental research, though they may be acceptable in qualitative research.

58
Q

What is the ‘so what?’ test for research questions?

A

A research question fails the ‘so what?’ test if it doesn’t address an issue that people care about or if the answer has no meaningful significance.

Research Methods (11 decks)

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