Week 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Immune response to malaria

A
  • human immune response can be divided
  • sporozoite phase is initial and robust immune response but not usually helpful because they are only present for a short time
  • immune response at liver stage (pre-erythrocytic)
  • primary immune response is during blood stage (erythrocytic)
  • also immune response at gamete phase
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1
Q

Innate immunity

A
  • Several known MAMPs (microbe associated molecular pattern)
  • including hemezoin (drives inflammation), parasite DNA (recognized as foreign) and GPI anchors
  • macrophages/monocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells
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2
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A

Proinflammatory response controls parasitaemia

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3
Q

Humoral immunity

A
  • Protective against disease
  • Block RBC invasion,
  • prevent cell adhesion
  • opsonization: blocks ability to invade RBCs
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4
Q

Induced immunity

A
  • In endemic regions, adults are generally resistant to disease
  • less symptomatic (not immune)
  • Antibodies from these adults are effective treatments in others, even from different regions
  • Suggests that induced immunity must be against epitopes that are conserved between diverse parasite populations
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5
Q

Why are young children and adult travelers at increased risk for disease?

A
  • don’t have the protective antibodies
  • the antibodies develop through repeated exposure
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6
Q

How does malaria avoid antibodies?

A
  • Antigenic variation
  • takes years of repeated exposure to develop natural resistance (eventually get an antibody that recognizes and unchanging aspect of the parasite)
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7
Q

Immune modulation

A
  1. Malaria hides
    - inside cells
    - sequestered through adhesion to vessel walls in rosettes (uninfected RBCs attached to an infected RBC)
  2. Antigenic variation
    - mechanism not same as T.brucei
    - Mutually exclusive expression, low switch rate
  3. Negatively regulating dendritic cells following hemozoin uptake
    - less antigen presentation
  4. Some evidence for induced apoptosis of certain cell populations
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