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Physical Geography > Vulcanicity > Flashcards

Vulcanicity Flashcards

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1
Q

Define vulcanicity

A

Most commonly associated with natural hazards which has hazards and benefits

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2
Q

Define a hazard and give some examples

A

Something that poses a threat to human life
Lava flows burn and bury crops
Ash falls and ruins crops
Volcanic melting of snow creates dangerous Lahars

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3
Q

What are some benefits of vulcanicity

A

Lava flows can create land

Lava and ash weather into fertile soil

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4
Q

Describe the distribution of volcanoes

A

-along plate boundaries
-long narrow belts
-linear patterns
-Pacific ring of fire
-oceanic ridges-mid Atlantic ridge Iceland
-rift valleys- great African Rift Valley (continent ripping apart) my Kenya
Subduction zones
Over hot spots
-

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5
Q

What are volcanoes

A

Openings in the earths crust through which lava, ash and gases erupt.

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6
Q

What is molten rock under the surface called

A

Magma

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7
Q

What is it called once manga is ejected

A

Lava

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8
Q

What are volcanoes built upon

A

The accumulation of their own erupt ice products:lava

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9
Q

Volcanic frequency

Define active, dormant and extinct

A

A- erupted in living memory
D-erupted in historical records
E-will not erupt again

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10
Q 
Constructive plate margins 
Type of magma 
Characteristics 
Type of eruption 
Materials erupted 
Frequency 
Form
A 
Basaltic 
Runny, less viscous 
Little violence 
Mainly lava 
Regular and can be continuous 
Shield volcano
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11
Q 
Destructive plate margin
Type of magma 
Characteristics 
Type of eruption 
Materials erupted 
Frequency 
Form of the volcano
A 
Acidic (andesitic) 
Slow flowing, viscous
Potentially explosive 
Lava bombs, ash 
Long dormant periods
Composite cone
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12
Q

Extrusive volcanic features

A

Magma cools and crystallises from surface lava,

In contrast with the air lava cools quicker than magma

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13
Q

Gaseous emissions

A

Dominated by steam
Highly dangerous
Often superheated
Carbon monoxide

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14
Q

Solids

A

Ash, dust and glassy cinders.

Blocks of material- shattered remains of solidified lava

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15
Q

Liquids

A

Include lava bombs which solidify in mid-air

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16
Q

Name the three firms of lava

A

Basaltic
Andesitic
Rhyolithic

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17
Q

Basaltic lava

A
  • formed from upward movement of manta, material
  • found along spreading ridges and hot spots
  • magma is low in silica- more fluid
  • gas bubbles expand on the way up
  • prevents sudden explosive activity
18
Q

Andesitic lava

A
  • formed at destructive plate margins where crust is being destroyed
  • silica-rich magma +very viscous
  • often solidifies before reaching the surface
  • build up of pressure and a violent explosion
19
Q

Rhyolithic lava

A
  • formed at destructive and collisions margins
  • silica-rich magma and is very viscous
  • often solidifies before reaching the surface leading to build up of pressure and a violent explosion
20
Q

Major extrusive landforms

And name all the different types

A
  • volcanoes
  • fissure
  • shield
  • composite
  • acid/dome
  • caldera
21
Q

Fissure volcano

A
  • rock type- basaltic
  • location- rifts and early constructive margins
  • eruptions- gentle
  • occur where there is a long crack in the crust which allows lava to spill out onto a large area
  • results in extensive flat features
22
Q

Shield volcanoes

A
  • rock type- basaltic
  • location- hot spots and where oceanic meets oceanic
  • -eruptions gentle
  • gentle slopping sides (5/10)
23
Q

Composite cone volcanoes

A
  • rock type- andesitic
  • location- destructive margins
  • eruptions- explosive and unpredictable
  • steep sides
  • layers of ash
24
Q

Acid or dome volcanoes

A
  • rock type: rhyolitic
  • location: continental crust
  • eruptions: explosive
  • slopes are steep and convex
25
Q

Caldera

A
  • rock type : andesitic
  • location: destructive margins
  • eruptions: very explosive
  • build up of gases
  • big crater where later eruptions may make smaller cones
26
Q

Ash and cinder cones

A
  • simplest form of a volcano
  • formed from ash, volcanic bombs and cinders
  • gas charged lava is blown violently into the air and breaks into small fragments that solidify
27
Q

Classification of violence of eruption

I
H
S
V
V
P
P
A 
Icelandic (I)
Hawaiian (HATE)
Strombolian (SILLY) 
Vulcanian (VIOLENT)
Vesuvian (VOLCANOES) 
Peléean (PLAYING) 
Plinian (PEEWEE)
28
Q

Which classification of volcanoes are basaltic and have a steady flow

A

Icelandic

Hawaiian

29
Q

Which classification of volcanoes have thicker basaltic lava with frequent explosive eruptions

A

Strombolian

30
Q

Which classification of volcanoes has basaltic, andesitic and rhyolitic lava and are less frequent but very violent

A

Vulcanian

Vesuvian

31
Q

Which classification of volcanoes has basaltic andesitic and rhyolitic lava with very violent eruptions

A

Peléean

Plinian

32
Q

What are some of the minor forms of volcanic activity

A

Geysers

Fumaroles

Hot springs

Boiling mud

33
Q

What is a geyser and describe it

A

An intermittent, forceful discharge of superheated water ejected from the surface.

Even with no volcanoes water can be heated
Water is heated through contact with hot rocks
Pressure builds until explosive eruption takes place
Refills with water
Cycle repeated

34
Q

What is a fumarole and describe it

A

Found in areas where superheated water turns into steam
Associated with both active and dormant volcanoes
Mainly steam
Yellow deposits of sulphur

35
Q

What are hot springs and boiling mud

A

Hot springs are not under pressure so don’t explode
Common in Iceland - tourist attraction
Some are Alcibiades and some are alkaline

Hot water on its way up mixes with mud and minerals near the surface and a boiling mud volcano may form

36
Q

Intrusive volcanic landforms:

Magma

A

Magma cools crystallises and solidifies into igneous rocks below the surface

Slow cooling results in large interlocking crystals

May become part of the landscape and then may be eroded removing overlying rocks

37
Q

Intrusive volcanic landforms:

What and how are batholiths formed

A

Formed deep below the surface
Large masses of magma cool and solidify
Magma cools slowly large crystals formed in the rock
Dome shaped and exposed by later erosion
Can be several hundreds of kilometres in diameter
Areas surrounding can be altered by heat and pressure

38
Q

Intrusive volcanic landforms:

Dykes

A

Vertical intrusions with horizontal cooling cracks
Cut across the bedding plane
Occur in groups= dyke swarms
Erosion of surrounding rocks can lead to exposed dykes

39
Q

Intrusive volcanic landforms:

Sills

A

Horizontal intrusions along the lines of the bedding planes of pre existing rocks
Vertical cooling cracks
Great Whin sill
Made up of dole rite

40
Q

Intrusive volcanic landforms:

What are surrounding rocks known as

A

Country rocks

Physical Geography (3 decks)

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