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A Level Geography > Volcanoes and Earthquakes > Flashcards

Volcanoes and Earthquakes Flashcards

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1
Q

Which type of volcano is formed at a convergent boundary?

A

Stratovolcano, or a composite volcano

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2
Q

Name the temperature of magma in an explosive volcano.

A

900

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3
Q

What percentage of silica is found in a divergent or effusive volcano?

A

Less than 55%

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4
Q

What percentage of silica is found in a convergent or explosive volcano?

A

More than 55%

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5
Q

What date did the 2014 Mt Ontake eruption take place on?

A

27th September

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6
Q

What time period is the Mt Sinabung volcanic eruptions taking place between?

A

2010 - Present

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7
Q

Name the temperature of magma in an effusive volcano.

A

1200

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8
Q

What is the name given to a series of islands formed as a result of convergent plate activity?

A

Volcanic island arc

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9
Q

Which process forms a volcanic island arc?

A

Subduction

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10
Q

What was the death toll of the 2014 Mt Ontake volcanic eruption?

A

63, with the majority being hikers on that day

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11
Q

Why were rescue efforts during the 2014 Mt Ontake eruption so difficult?

A

The volcano emitted hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide gases, which are toxic to humans. The volcano is the second largest in Japan, meaning helicopters and aircraft were needed to reach the victims.

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12
Q

What date and year did Mt Sinabung become active after a period of dormancy?

A

29th August 2010

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13
Q

Which country, island and region is Mt Sinabung located in?

A

Indonesia, North Sumatra, Karo Regency

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14
Q

What type of eruption was the 2014 Mt Ontake categorised in?

A

Phreatic

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15
Q

How do phreatic eruptions occur?

A

Groundwater within the volcano is heated by magma, which releases steam. Surrounding rock can be turned into ash within the volcano.

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16
Q

Why was the 2014 Mt Ontake eruption so difficult to predict?

A

Due to its phreatic eruption type. Phreatic eruptions do not show any warning signs of magma movement, volcano shape changes or gas emissions. These are all typical early warning signs of volcanoes.

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17
Q

Why was the Japanese government held responsible for the death of the victims in the 2014 Mt Ontake eruption by their families?

A

The tiltmeters were found to be broken around the volcano, and a possible small earthquake which could have been a warning sign was not detected. In addition, the volcano was not closely monitored in spite of its explosive potential.

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18
Q

What was the VEI of Mt Ontake before the 2014 eruption?

A

1 out of 8

19
Q

Name 2 environmental impacts of the 2014 Mt Ontake eruption.

A

30 out of 32 sweet cabbage crop (hakusai) farms near the volcano was destroyed. Following the eruption, the ash made the soil surrounding the volcano extremely fertile, thus enhancing local economy.

20
Q

Name 2 social impacts of the 2014 Mt Ontake eruption.

A

63 people died in total, including many hikers and a news reporter. 69 people were injured.

21
Q

Name 2 economic impacts of the 2014 Mt Ontake eruption.

A

The JMA (Japanese Meteorological Agency) received 62 billion yen increase in their budget. Inns operating around the volcano reported a downturn in business, with limited visitors.

22
Q

What was the VEI of Mt Ontake after the 2014 eruption?

A

4 out of 8

23
Q

For how many years was the area around the volcano closed after the eruption?

A

4 years

24
Q

Name one long term effect of the 2014 Mt Ontake eruption.

A

More funding has been allocated into volcanic research and use of equipment.

25
Q

Name one short term effect of the 2014 Mt Ontake eruption.

A

The hakusai sweet cabbage crop was destroyed in 30 out of 32 farms.

26
Q

How deep is the focus of a shallow earthquake?

A

0 - 70km

27
Q

How deep is the focus of a deep earthquake?

A

70 - 700km

28
Q

What was the magnitude of the 2010 Haiti earthquake?

A

7.0

29
Q

What was the magnitude of the 2011 Tohuku Japan earthquake?

A

9.0

30
Q

Name 3 social impacts of the 2011 Tohuku Japan earthquake.

A

19,700 died,

31
Q

Name 3 environmental impacts of the 2011 Tohuku Japan earthquake.

A

The Fukishima Nuclear Disaster released radioactive material in the surrounding environment, a tsunami with waves of 20m was generated,

32
Q

What was the cause of the Fukishima Nuclear Disaster?

A

Water brought from the tsunami caused by the 2011 Tohuku earthquake, which flooded the nuclear reactors and deactivated their back up generators and coolers. This caused a nuclear meltdown, resulting in the release of radioactive material which has detrimental effects for a long period of time.

33
Q

What was the date of the 2011 Tohuku earthquake?

A

11th March, 2011

34
Q

At what time did the 2011 Tohuku earthquake occur?

A

14:26, JST (Japanese Standard Time)

35
Q

At what time did the 2010 Haiti earthquake occur?

A

16:53,

36
Q

What date did the 2010 Haiti earthquake occur on?

A

12th January, 2010

37
Q

Which plates were involved in the movement that triggered the 2010 Haiti earthquake?

A

Caribbean plate, North American plate, and the Gonave microplate

38
Q

What is the name of the fault that runs between Haiti and the Dominican Republic?

A

Enriquillio - Plantain fault

39
Q

Which plates were involved in the 2011 Tohuku Japan earthquake?

A

Philippine, Eurasian and North American plates

40
Q

What type of plate boundary was involved in the 2010 Haiti earthquake?

A

Conservative

41
Q

What type of plate boundary was involved in the 2011 Tohuku earthquake?

A

Convergent

42
Q

Where is Mt Ontake located?

A

Central Honshu province, Japan

43
Q

To which religion is Mt Ontake significant, and seen as a sacred symbol?

A

Shintoism

A Level Geography (6 decks)

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