vocab bef holi Flashcards
an amendment
Literally a change or changes made to a text in this context additions to the United states constitution leading to the present day existence of 27 amendments
the Bill of Rights
the first 10 amendments to the United states constitution initially meant to protect the right of the states and the people from unwanted federal power and intrusion
some of which were then applied mostly throughout the 20th century do state governments through the process of selective incorporation
a concurring opinion
the same conclusion as is an opinion by one or more judges/ justices who read the same ccl as the majority of the court But use a different legal reasoning
the due process clause
one of the most important portions of the 14 and 5th amendments
this close sets the foundation for the legal obligation for all States and all levels of American government that :
they operate within the law (legality)
and provide fair procedures
The equal protection clause
another important power of the 14th amendment disclose sets foundation for constitutional guarantee that no person or class of persons shall be denied the same protection of the laws that is enjoyed by other persons or other classes in like circumstances in their life liberty property and pursuit of happiness
the 15th amendment
this text was ratified to ensure African American men the right to vote also ratified on February 3 1870, the promise of the 15 amendment will not be realized for almost a century
through the use of poll taxes literacy tests and other means southern states were able to effectively disenfranchise African Americans
it would take the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 before the majority of African Americans in the South were registered to vote
To file suit :
to sue, bring a person/company to court
Jim Crow Laws
the name of the state and local law that established racial segregation and that restricted the rights of African Americans in the South of the United states including through right spread voter disenfranchisement
a majority opinion
the main opinion of court setting the legal reasoning agreed upon by more than half the judges justices of the court
the privileges or immunities clause:
la première des trois clauses conservatoires figurant à l’article un des 14e amendements
il imite le langage de la clause des privilèges et immunités téléphone à l’article 4 Section 2 de la constitution concernant les relations interétatiques et la protection des droits des citoyens d’un État par un autre État
ici sa fonction était de protéger les droits des citoyens nationaux bien qu’il ait été immédiatement rejeté par la Cour suprême comme un véhicule pour l’incorporation de la Déclaration des droits
(bien que contre une minorité de juges de la Cour suprême aient indiqué leur préférence pour ces vêtements par rapport aux dépôts proches pour une utilisation dans l’incorporation sélective)
the first of the three protective clause found in section one of the 14th amendments
it mimics the language of the privileges and immunities clause phone in Article 4 Section 2 of the constitution concerning interstate relations and the protection of the rights of citizens of one state by another state
here its function was to protect the rights of national citizens though it was immediately dismissed by the Supreme Court as a vehicle for incorporation of the Bill of Rights
(although versus a minority of Supreme Court justices have indicated their preference for these clothes over the deposits close for use in selective incorporation)
procedural due process principle
required by the constitution that when the states or federal government acts in such a way that deprives a citizens of life liberty or property in terrorist the person must first be given notice and opportunity to be heard
requis par la constitution que lorsque les États ou le gouvernement fédéral agit de manière à priver un citoyen de sa liberté de vie ou de ses biens en tant que terroriste, la personne doit d’abord être avertie et avoir la possibilité d’être entendue
selective incorporation
judicial doctrine whereby selected provisions of the Bill of Rights are made applicable to the states via an interpretation of the 14th amendment due process close
substantive due process
the notion that you process not only concerns certain legal procedures but also protects certain rights unrelated to procedure
strict scrutiny
a form of judicial review that courts use to determine the constitutionality of certain laws
to pass strict scrutiny The legislature must have passed the law to further or compelling governmental interests and must have narrowly tailored below to achieve that interest
une forme de contrôle judiciaire que les tribunaux utilisent pour déterminer la constitutionnalité de certaines lois
pour passer un examen minutieux La législature doit avoir adopté la loi pour promouvoir ou contraindre les intérêts gouvernementaux et doit avoir étroitement adapté ci-dessous pour atteindre cet intérêt
the three fifth clause
this promise achieved during negotiation between Saudi and and northern states over the drafting of the United states constitution can still be found in article 1 Section 2 purgatory it consisting in countries slaves populations as three fifth of free population for purposes of congressional apportionment
