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Neuroscience > VISION > Flashcards

VISION Flashcards

1
Q

What is Sensation?

A

How cells detect stimuli in our environment and transduce them for neurotransmitter release

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2
Q

What two things combined result in sensation?

A

Detection and transduction

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3
Q

What is perception?

A

Interpretation of external stimuli

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4
Q

What two things create perception?

A

Experience and sensory interpretation

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5
Q

What is Sensory Transduction (before perception)

A

Sensory stimuli to receptor potentials

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6
Q

Receptor Potential (Before perception)

A

Graded changes in membrane potential

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7
Q

Sensory Neuron (Before perception)

A

Specialized neuron detecting a specific types of sensory stimuli

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8
Q

4 OPSIN PROTEINS

A

RHODOPSIN (RODS) - Dark

RED CONE OPSIN

GREEN CONE OPSIN

BLUE CONE OPSIN

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9
Q

What are the 4 OPSIN PROTEINS sensitive to?

A

Light!

from binding to retinal, the molecule absorbing photon energy

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10
Q

What kind of receptors do the 4 OPSIN PROTEINS have? (Excitatory? Inhibitory?)

A

They all have inhibitory metabotropic receptors

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11
Q

How many of each type of 4 OPSIN PROTEINS do we have. Ex. How many rods? How many cones?

A

We have two types of photoreceptors: rods (x1) and cones (x3: Red, green, and blue cones). They each have their own opsin proteins for sensory transduction.

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12
Q

What’s the difference between visible light mixing and paint mixing?

A

Visible light: Red, Blue and Green.
Converges as white

Painting: Blue, Yellow and Pink
Converges as black

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13
Q

What is colourblindness with No functional blue cone opsins? (* – visual acuity is not noticeably reduced since blue cones are not very sensitive to light)

A

Tritanopia

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14
Q

What is colourblindness where No functional red cone opsins?* (X-linked, more common in males)

A

Protanopia

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15
Q

What is colourblindness with No functional green cone opsins?* (X-linked, more common in males)

A

Deuteranopia

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16
Q

What is colourblindness with No functional cones at all?

A

Achromatopsia

17
Q

What are the two types of eye movements?

A

Saccadic:

Rapid, jerky shifts

Pursuit:

Follows moving objects

18
Q

What do photoreceptors do?

A

No action potentials

Graded glutamate release at between -40mV and-70mV

Leaky sodium ion channels are open In dark and already depolarized

Release more glutamate in the dark than In the light

19
Q

What do horizontal cells do?

A

Regulates adjacent photoreceptor and bipolar cells

20
Q

What do bipolar cells do?

A

There are ON Bipolar cells and OFF bipolar cells

No action potential

Graded glutamate release depending on membrane potential

21
Q

Amacrine cells

A

Regulate excitability of adjacent bipolar and ganglion cells

22
Q

What do Ganglion cells do?

A

Have action potentials and are excited by glutamate

Have on-off receptive fields for light and colour

23
Q

What are Receptive Fields (these are in ganglion cells)?

A

Area of the visual space (relative to a fixation point) where light is capable of changing the activity of a neuron.

24
Q

How does visual information get to the cortex?

A

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus: a nucleus in the thalamus: man RGCs project here and then LGN neurons project to the visual cortex

• Left visual field goes to the right hemisphere

•Right visual field goes to the left hemisphere

• Each hemisphere gets inputs from both eyes!

• Superior Colliculus: involved in controlling fast reflexive movements in response to light

• Hypothalamus: regulates sleep/wake cycles

25
Q

What is the Predictive Coding Theory of Perception?

A

Every level of visual processing is affected by predictions of what is interpreted at lower levels and a feedback error signal to correct future predictions.

Predictions from high level <——-> Error signal from low level

26
Q

Depth Perception and kinds of perception?

A

Monocular Vision (some cues like relative size, amount of detail, relative movement; 2D images)

Binocular Vision

27
Q

What is AGNOSIA?

A

A problem in sensory association areas, not sensory modalities

28
Q

What is AKINETOPSIA?

A

Disability in movement perception.

29
Q

What is CEREBRAL CHROMATOPSIA?

A

Denying colour perception.

People with cerebral achromatopsia deny having any perception of color. They say everything looks dull or drab, and that it is all just “shades of grey”. (People with regular achromatopsia don’t say those things, because they have no conception of color.)

30
Q

PROSOPAGNOSIA

A

Inability to recognize people by their faces

Neuroscience (11 decks)

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