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SAP 3 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

name the 4 organs of the urinary system

A

kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

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2
Q

what is the function of the kidneys

A

to filter blood, and remove excess waste and extra water

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3
Q

what is the function of the ureter

A

transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder

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4
Q

what is the function of the urinary bladder

A

storage for urine, until active excretion

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5
Q

what is the function of the urethra

A

takes urine to the exterior of the body

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6
Q

what are the three external layers of the kidneys

A

renal fascia, adipose capsule,
renal capsule

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7
Q

what is the function of the renal fascia

A

outer layer that anchors kidney to surrounding structures; protects kidneys

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8
Q

what is the function of the adipose capsule

A

middle layer of fat. protects kidney and holds in place

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9
Q

what is the function of the renal capsule

A

inner layer protecting kidney, keeps shape

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10
Q

what are the two regions of the internal kidney

A

renal cortex, renal medulla

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11
Q

what are the three sections of the renal medulla

A

renal pyramids, renal papilla, renal columns

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12
Q

what are the 3 middle sections of the kidney (in order of transportation)

A

minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis

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13
Q

list the order of blood supply in the kidneys (13)

A

renal artery, segmental artery, interloper arteries, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries, afferent arteries, glomerulus, efferent arterioles, peritubular capillaries/vasa recta, arcuate veins, interloper veins, renal veins

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14
Q

name the two functional units of the kidneys

A

renal corpuscle, renal tubules

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15
Q

name the two structures of the renal corpuscle

A

Bowman’s capsule, glomerulus

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16
Q

name the three sections of the renal tubules

A

proximal convoluted tubule
nephron loop (loop of henle)
distal convoluted tubule

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17
Q

what are the three layers of the glomerulus

A

glomerular endothelial cell
basal lamina
slit membrane

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18
Q

describe the function of the glomerulus

A

as blood enters the glomerulus, blood cells and platelets are caught in the first layer of glomerular endothelial cell) and continue through.
the basal lamina filters the excess and prevents larger proteins from being released.
the slit membrane prevents medium sized proteins, and releases any other excess waste

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19
Q

describe the function of the Proximal convoluted tubule

A

reabsorbs majority of the waste from the filtrate; has microvilli facing lumen to assist with this

20
Q

describe the function of the nephron loop

A

reabsorb water and sodium chloride from the filtrate
the ascending limb is impermeable to H2O; pumps out salts to create an interstitial fluid in the medulla - this allows for more water reabsorption in the descending limb, as it is permeable to H2O

21
Q

describe the function of the distal convoluted tubule

A

regulation of extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte homeostasis

22
Q

describe the function of the collecting duct

A

resorb H2O and concentrate urine before they lead urine to the minor calyces

23
Q

what are the two types of nephrons, and what is the difference between the two

A

juxtamedullary nephron - has a longer nephron loop, has peri tubular capillaries and vasa recta

corticol nephrons - has a shorter nephron loop, only has peritubular capillaries

24
Q

describe the three steps of urine formation

A

glomerular filtration - water and solutes in plasma filtered into Bowman’s capsule

tubular reabsorption - water and solute are reabsorbed from tubules into peri tubular and vasa recta capillaries

tubular secretion - waste and excess ions secreted from peri tubular and vasa recta capillaries into tubules

25
Q

what are the three types of filtration pressures

A

glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure
capsular hydrostatic pressure
blood colloid osmotic pressure

26
Q

describe glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure of blood in glomerular capillaries - promotes filtration by forcing water and the solutes through the filtration membrane into the Bowmans capsule

27
Q

describe capsular hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure back against filtration membrane by filtrate in Bowman’s capsule

28
Q

describe blood colloid osmotic pressure

A

pressure exerted by plasma proteins which draws fluid into capillaries; pressure caused by presence of large proteins in blood plasma - draws water back into blood vessels, opposing filtration

29
Q

what is net filtration pressure

A

GBHP - CHP - BCOP

if NFP is positive, filtration will occur
if NFP is negative, stronger pressure will cause no filtration

30
Q

what is glomerular filtration rate

A

the amount of filtrate formed in all renal corpuscles in both kidneys each minute

31
Q

what are the 3 types of regulation of glomerular filtration rate

A

renal auto regulation
neural regulation
hormonal regulation

32
Q

what are the two types of renal regulation

A

myogenic mechanism
tubuloglomerular feedback

33
Q

describe myogenic mechanism

A

the afferent arteriole stretches due to increased blood pressure
so the smooth muscle contracts to decrease the diameter of the afferent arteriole
this decreases GFR

34
Q

describe tubuloglomerular feedback

A

there is an increase in sodium and chloride in the tubules
so the juxtaglomerular cells secretes hormones to decrease the afferent arteriole diameter
this decreases GFR

35
Q

describe neural regulation

A

sympathetic stimulation causes the release of norepinephrine
this causes constriction of afferent arterioles
this decreases GFR

36
Q

describe the role of angiotensin 2 in hormonal regulation

A

hormone is released in response to decrease in blood pressure
this causes vasoconstriction of afferent and efferent arteriole
this decreases GFR

37
Q

describe the role of atrial natriuretic peptide in hormonal regulation

A

hormone is released in response to atrial stretching due to increased blood volume
this relaxes mesangial cells in the glomerulus, which increases filtration
this increases GFR

38
Q

describe the formation of dilute urine

A

there is no ADH present, making the collecting duct impermeable to water; producing large volume of dilute urine

39
Q

describe the formation of concentrated urine

A

occurs in juxtamedullary nephrons, due to osmotic gradient of interstitial fluid in renal medulla

ADH is present, making collecting duct permeable to water

this all produces concentrated urine

40
Q

describe the storage of urine

A

once the urine passes through the ureter, it is collected in the bladder. as it fills, the pressure increases and the rug is stretched

41
Q

describe the elimination of urine

A

once the bladder is full, stretch receptors transmit nerve impulses to spinal cord.
reflex arc initiated causes contraction of detrusor muscle and relaxation of internal urethral sphincter.
conscious relaxation of external urethral sphincter allows for urination to occur

42
Q

what are the 5 hormones that are used stimulated in the urinary system

A

angiotensin 2
aldosterone
antidiuretic hormone
parathyroid hormone
atrial natriuretic peptide

43
Q

what is the stimulus and mechanism of angiotensin 2

A

stimulated by drop in BV and BP

it decreases GFR via vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles.
increases reabsorption of sodium in water in proximal convoluted tubule .
stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterone

44
Q

what is the stimulus and mechanism of aldosterone

A

stimulated by drop in BV and BP

it stimulates principal cells in collecting ducts to reabsorb more sodium and secrete more potassium, thus increasing water reabsorption

45
Q

what is the stimulus and mechanism of antidiuretic hormone

A

stimulated by increase in blood osmolarity

it stimulates insertion of aquaporin-2 protein channels into membrane of principal cells, increasing permeability of DCT and collecting duct to water, and increases water reabsorption

46
Q

what is the stimulus and mechanism of parathyroid hormone

A

stimulated by the decrease in blood calcium concentration

it increases the reabsorption of calcium in the early distal convoluted tubule

47
Q

what is the stimulus and mechanism of atrial natriuretic peptide

A

stimulated by increase in BV

it inhibits reabsorption of sodium and water in the proximal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts, reducing blood volume and blood pressure

SAP 3 (3 decks)

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