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Abdominal-Urinary Part 2 > Urinary/Part 2 > Flashcards

Urinary/Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The adrenal glands are situated:

A

superior anterior and medial to the kidneys bilaterally

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2
Q

Triangular shape:

A

RT

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3
Q

Crescent shape:

A

LT

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4
Q

Who can adrenal glands be seen well in?

A

Infants and young adults

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5
Q

Adrenal glands are abnormal if seen in:

A

adults

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6
Q

Adrenal Glands

Cortex is _______% of gland

A

90%

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7
Q

Adrenal Glands

What does the cortex produce?

A

steroid hormones-regulated by the pituitary

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8
Q

Adrenal Glands

What does the Adrenal Medulla produce?

A

Caticolmines–epinepherine and adrenaline

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9
Q

Adrenal Glands

The Caticolmines–epinepherine and adrenaline are responsible for:

A

Fight or Flight response

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10
Q

Adrenal Glands

Metastatic disease–________th most common site for mets

A

4th

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11
Q

Metastatic disease is most common from:

A

lung and renal cell carcinoma

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12
Q

Metastatic disease often occurs:

A

bilaterally

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13
Q

Sonographic findings of metastaic disease in the adrenal glands:

A

Hyopechoic, 4 cm in size round/oval; large mass displaces kidney inferiorly

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14
Q

Adrenal Glands

Are cysts common or uncommon?

A

uncommon

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15
Q

Adrenal Glands

What are the clinical symptoms of cysts?

A

none

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16
Q

Adrenal Glands

Cysts are found:

A

unilateral and incidentally

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17
Q

Adrenal Glands

Cysts vary:

A

in size

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18
Q

Adrenal Glands

Are most cysts benign?

A

yes

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19
Q

Adrenal Glands

Sonographic findings of cysts:

A

Ring calcifications around cyst indicative for malignancy

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20
Q

Adrenal Glands

Hemorrhages are most common in:

A

neonates

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21
Q

Adrenal Glands

Hemorrhage is cased by: (2 things)

A

large size gland and trauma during birth

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22
Q

Adrenal Glands

Hemorrhage in an adult is associated with: (5 things)

A

anti-coagulation therapy, liver transplant, surgery, trauma or tumor

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23
Q

Adrenal Glands

Chronic primary hypoadrenalism=Addison’s Disease–what is this?

A

Atrophy of glands due to insufficient secretions of hormones

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24
Q

Adrenal Glands

Is chronic primary hypoadrenalism/Addison’s Disease common or uncommon?

A

Uncommon, usually occurs from autoimmune disorder or TB

25
Q

Adrenal Glands

Symptoms of chronic primary hypoadrenalism/Addison’s Disease:

A
  • depends on level: fatigue, muscle weakness, hypotension, Gi disease
  • depends on administering steroids
26
Q

Adrenal Glands

Sonographic findings of chronic primary hyopadrenalism/Addison’s Disease:

A

When caused by TB, glands are enlarged firm and nodular thick capsule, hyperechoic with necrosis.

27
Q

Adrenal Glands

What is Hyperadrenalism/Cushing’s Syndrome, what is it caused by?

A

Excessive glucose production–pancreas no longer able to produce insulin and diabetes will occur

28
Q

Adrenal Glands

With hyperadrenalism/Cushing’s Syndrome, protein loss occurs, which results in:

A

weakened muscle and elastic tissue

29
Q

Adrenal Glands

Symptoms of hyperadrenalism/Cushing’s Syndrome:

A

Poor wound healing, susceptible to tearing and bruising; red whelps on thighs and abdomen; hypertension in 90% of cases

30
Q

Adrenal Glands

What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia? What does it overstimulate?

A
  • It is a congenital deficiency of an enzyme

* Over stimulates pathway for steroid hormone production

31
Q

Adrenal Glands

What does congenital adrenal hyperplasia result in?

A

Virilazation–process in which male characteristics are acquired by females

32
Q

Adrenal Glands

Clinical findings of congenital adrenal hyperplasia: (3)

A
  • Hursitism–excessive body hair
  • New born girls will have ambiguous genitalia
  • Precocious puberty–abnormally early development of puberty
33
Q

Adrenal Glands

With congenital adrenal hyperplasia, the glands are:

A

symmetrically enlarged

34
Q

Adrenal Glands/Cortical Tumors

Adrenal adenoma–

A

hyperfunctioning or nonfunctioning

35
Q

Are adrenal adenomas usually benign?

A

Yes, most are benign

36
Q

Adrenal adenomas are poorly encapsulated tumors that range in size from:

A

1-5 cm

37
Q

Adrenal adenoma consists of:

A

lipid filled cells that don’t secrete hormones

38
Q

Adrenal Adenoma–single nodule larger than:

A

1cm

39
Q

Adrenal adenoma is ________ to detect with US

A

difficult

40
Q

Adrenal Adenoma may cause:

A

Cushing’s Syndrome

41
Q

Adrenal Glands

What are myelolipomas?

A

rare benign tumor of the cortex

42
Q

When are Myelolipomas found?

A

between the 4th and 6th decades of life

43
Q

Myelolipomas are mostly found:

A

post mortem

44
Q

What are the symptoms for myelolipomas?

A

Asymptomatic–fatty and bone marrow elements

45
Q

Sonographic findings for myelolipomas:

A

hyperechoic mass in adrenal bed

46
Q

Adrenal Glands

Adenocarcinomas produce:

A

steroids; those that don’t are highly malignant

47
Q

How do you treat adenocarcinomas?

A

Remove tumor or do a biopsy to see if surgery is necessary–based on size–3-6 cm

48
Q

What are the sonographic findings for adenocarcinomas? (4)

A

Small homogenous, large-necrosis, hemorrhage or calcifications

49
Q

Adenocarcinomas tend to invade: (4 places)

A

renal veins, IVC, HVs and Rt. atrium

50
Q

Adrenal Gland Malignancies

Metastasis is most commonly from:

A

primary of lung, breast, stomach, colon or kidney

51
Q

Metastasis cause:

A

adrenal insufficiency

52
Q

Sonographic findings of metastasis:

A
  • glands will vary in size and echogenicity

* Central necrosis causes sonolucent areas w/in the tumors

53
Q

What is pheochromocytoma? What is the incidents of malignancy?

A
  • Excessive excretion of epinepherine and norepinepherine
  • Medullary pathology; 90% originates on medula
  • 5-10%=in malignancy
54
Q

What are the symptoms of pheochromocytoma? (4)

A

high blood pressure
headaches
tachycardia
excessive perspiration

55
Q

Sonographic findings of pheochromocytoma: (4)

A
  • large sharply marginated tumors
  • significant solid components
  • central hemorrhage and necrotic changes–common
  • can produce cystic component focal echogenic abnormalities
56
Q

Adrenal Glands

What is neuroblastoma?

A

Highly malignant tumor of medulla; it is the MOST COMMON malignancy of the adrenal gland

57
Q

How does neuroblastoma present and who is it most common in?

A

Abdominal mass in children usually < 4 yrs

*50% < 2 yrs

58
Q

Neuroblastoma metastases to: (4)

A

lymph nodes, liver, lung and bone

59
Q

Sonographic findings of neuroblastomas: (3)

A
  • Inhomogenous echogenic solid mass
  • occasional calcifications and cystic degeneration
  • must be differentiated from Wilm’s tumor

Abdominal-Urinary Part 2 (1 decks)

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