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Geography > Urban Issues And Challenges > Flashcards

Urban Issues And Challenges Flashcards

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1
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

An increase in the amount of people living in urban areas such as towns or cities.

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2
Q

What is rural to urban migration?

A

The movement of people from rural to urban areas

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3
Q

What is a megacity?

A

An urban area with over 10 million people living there.

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4
Q

Water conservation

A

Collecting rainwater for gardens and flushing toilets.
Installing water metres and toilets that flush less water.
Educating people on using less water.

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5
Q

Energy conservation

A

Promoting renewable energy sources.
Making homes more energy efficient.

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6
Q

Waste recycling

A

Collection of household waste.
More local recycling facilities.
Greater awareness of the benefits of recycling.

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7
Q

Creating green space

A

Provide natural cooler areas for people to relax in.
Encourages people to exercise.
Reduces the risk of flooding from surface runoff.

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8
Q

Environmental problem to do with congestion

A

Traffic increases air pollution which releases greenhouse gases that is leading to climate change.

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9
Q

Economic problem with congestion

A

Congestion can make people late for work and business deliveries take longer. This can cause companies to loose money.

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10
Q

Social problem with congestion

A

There is a greater risk of accidents and congestion is a cause of frustration. Traffic can also lead to health issues for pedestrians.

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11
Q

Congestion solutions

A

Widen the roads to allow more traffic to flow easily.
Introduce park and ride schemes to reduce car use.
Have public transport, cycle lanes and cycle hire schemes.
Having congestion charges discourages drivers from entering the busy city centres.

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12
Q

How do Bristol manage traffic?

A

The city aims to develop its integrated transport system to encourage more people to use the public transport. The city has also invested in cycle routes and hiring schemes.

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13
Q

Integrated transport system

A

This is the linking of different forms of public and private transport within a city and the surrounding area.

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14
Q

Greenbelt area

A

This is a zone of land surrounding a city where new building is strictly controlled to try to prevent cities growing too much and too fast.

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15
Q

Urban regeneration

A

The investment in the revival of old, urban areas by either improving what is there or clearing it away and rebuilding.

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16
Q

What is a brownfield site?

A

Land that had been built in before and is to be cleared and reused. These sites are often in the inner city.

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17
Q

What is a greenfield site?

A

Land that has not been built on before, usually in the countryside on the edge of the built up area.

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18
Q

Advantages of greenfield sites

A

More space for gardens.
Land cheaper on the outskirts so plots can be larger.
Some shops and business parks on the outskirts provide local facilities.
Pleasant countryside environment.
No restrictions of existing road network.
New sites don’t need clearing.

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19
Q

Disadvantages of greenfield sites

A

Increased congestion as the population increases.
Loss of habitats.
Loss of open space.
Have to install new electricity lines and water pipes.

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20
Q

Advantages of brownfield sites

A

Near to facilities in town centres e.g. shops, entertainment and places of work.
Cuts commuting.
Roads already exist.
Sites in cities are not left derelict and/or empty.
Utilities such as water and electricity already provided.

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21
Q

Disadvantages of brownfield sites

A

Polluted land.
It takes a long time to clear the area and it’s expensive.
Limited to size and shape of buildings already there.

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22
Q

Where is Rio located?

A

Rio de Janeiro is in the south east of Brazil. It is south of Minas Gerais and east of São Paulo. Rio de Janeiro is south east of Brasilia. Rio is in the provenance of Rio de Janeiro. Rio borders the Atlantic Ocean.

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23
Q

What is Rio’s regional importance?

A

Major manufacturing centre (chemicals, pharmaceuticals and clothing).
Major service centre (company headquarters, finance, education, tourism and retail).
Stunning natural surroundings.

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24
Q

What is Rio’s national importance?

A

Brazils arts and cultural capital (including the world famous annual carnival).
Major port (exporting coffee, sugar and iron ore) and transport hub ( international airport).

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25
Q

What is Rio’s international importance?

A

Home to the Christ the redeemer statue , a wonder of the world.
Hosted the 2016 Olympic/Paralympic games and the 2014 football World Cup.

26
Q

Why has Rio grown?

A

Regional, national and international migration.
Employment, economic development and business opportunities.
Access to services (healthcare and education).
Access to resources (water supply and energy).

27
Q

Social opportunities in Rio

A

Huge mix of different religions.
Rio carnival.
A number of universities and centre for research development.
Community spirit in favelas - shops, restaurants, cottage industries (pottery), recycling.

28
Q

Economic opportunities in Rio

A

Industrial growth has boosted the economy via steel making , port industries, oil refining, petrochemicals, manufacturing.
Service industries - banking and finance.
Tourism - beaches, the christ the redeemer statue and sugar loaf mountain.

29
Q

Environmental opportunities in Rio

A

Atlantic beaches attract tourism.
The Tijuca national park is one of the largest forests in the world.

30
Q

Social challenges in Rio

A

Migration.
Housing.
Healthcare.
Water supply.
Energy.
Crime.

31
Q

Economic challenges in Rio

A

Poverty gap between rich and poor.
High unemployment.
Poor transport.

32
Q

Environmental challenges in Rio

A

Urban sprawl.
Pollution.
waste disposal.

33
Q

What is Rocinha?

A

The largest shanty town in Rio made of slums built on a steep hillside overlooking beaches.

34
Q

What is counter urbanisation?

A

When large numbers of people move from urban areas into surrounding countryside or rural areas.

35
Q

What are the four zones of Rio?

A

North, south, west and centro zone.

36
Q

What are economic opportunities in Rio?

A

Formal and informal jobs.
Tourism.

37
Q

What are social opportunities in Rio?

A

Healthcare.
Education.
Water supply.
Energy supply.

38
Q

What are social challenges in Rio?

A

Healthcare.
Electricity.
Education.
Water supply.

39
Q

What are challenges for people living in slums?

A

Lack of safety.
Tension between people with different amounts of wealth.
Poverty.
Overcrowding.
Poor quality.
Gangs.
Street vendors.

40
Q

What are some environmental challenges in Rio?

A

Air pollution.
Plastic pollution.
Water pollution.
Congestion.
Littering.
Over population.
Waste disposal.
Sewage.

41
Q

What are economic challenges in Rio?

A

Unemployment.
Transport.
Gangs.
Crime rate.
Low wages.

42
Q

What is population distribution?

A

How the people are spread out. This can be even or uneven.

43
Q

What is population density?

A

When the population of an area is described as densely populated there are lots of people in one area. When the population is described as sparsely populated there are few people in one area.

44
Q

Where is Bristol located?

A

Bristol is located in south west of England. It is close to the border of wales. It is where the m4 meets the m5. It is to the west of Swindon and is north from Glastonbury. Bristol is to the north west of bath. It is located close to the river Avon and the seven estuary.

45
Q

What is Bristol’s global importance?

A

It has an airport which allows people to travel for business and goods to be transported.
It has a port which is vital for the transfer of goods from over seas.

46
Q

What is the primary job sector?

A

Getting raw materials e.g. mining and farming

47
Q

What is the secondary job sector?

A

Manufacturing industry e.g. making cars and steel

48
Q

What is the tertiary job sector?

A

Service industry e.g. teaching and nursing

49
Q

What is the quaternary job sector?

A

Research and development industries e.g. IT

50
Q

What is urban greening?

A

The process of increasing and preserving open space in urban areas e.g. queen square in Bristol (a dual carriageway that was turned into a park).

51
Q

What did Bristol trade in the past?

A

Tobacco and Cherry

52
Q

What is Bristol doing to reduce air pollution?

A

Reducing speed limits.
An app with information about public transport.
Designated cycle and walking paths.
They have a bus powered by human and food waste.

53
Q

What is dereliction?

A

Abandoned buildings and wasteland

54
Q

Social opportunities in Bristol

A

Shopping - Cabot circus shopping centre
Music events and festivals - harbour side

55
Q

Economic opportunities in Bristol

A

Aardman animations.
Defence procurement agency.
Airbus.

56
Q

Environmental opportunities in Bristol

A

Urban greening.
Integrated transport system.

57
Q

Sustainable

A

Something that can be continued without causing harm to people or the environment, now and in the future.

58
Q

What are Freiburg’s pillars of the plan?

A

Increasing bike use.
Public transport.
Controlling parking.
Concentrating traffic.
Traffic calming.

59
Q

What are social challenges in Bristol?

A

Inequality in housing, education and health.
Social deprivation e.g. Filwood and Stoke Bishop

60
Q

What are economic challenges in Bristol?

A

Closure of the steelworks and factories caused large scale unemployment.
Poor transport connections to large economic hubs such as London and Manchester.

61
Q

What are environmental challenges in Bristol?

A

Urban sprawl has led to pressure and decline of greenfield sites around the city.

62
Q

Urban sprawl

A

Unplanned growth of urban areas into the surrounding rural areas

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