Urban environments

Question 1

how to identify an urban area

Answer 1

• their economy
• size
• high population density
• tall buildings
• way of life

Question 2

why are high rates of urbanisation occurring in developing economies?

Answer 2

• new economic developments happen in big cities
• push and pull factors
• cities are experiencing a natural increase in population

Question 3

pull factors

Answer 3

• job opportunities with higher salaries
• access to better services and facilities

Question 4

push factors

Answer 4

• low paying jobs
• no access to transport

Question 5

rate of urbanisation much slower in developed countries because

Answer 5

• large population already live in urban environments
• modern transport, communication and way of life spreading to rural areas

Question 6

what is suburbanisation encouraged by

Answer 6

• improvements in transport
• overcrowding, congestion, and rising land prices
• decline in quality of life
• arrival of new people

Question 7

urban process

Answer 7

1. agglomeration
2. suburbanisation
3. dormitory settlements
4. urban re-imaging
5. counter urbanisation
6. urbanisation of suburbs
7. rural dilution

Question 8

reasons for growth in megacities

Answer 8

1. economic development
2. population growth
3. economies of scale
4. multiplier effect

Question 9

consequences of rapid urbanisation

Answer 9

1. transport and traffic congestion
2. employment
   lack of jobs, unemployment, underpaid
3. social problems
   street crime, vandalism, murder
4. environmental problems
   deforestation, pollution
5. housing
   more demand than supply
6. access to running water, sanitation, and electricity
7. health
   not enough doctors
8. education
   lack of schools

Question 10

features of urban areas

Answer 10

1. CBD
2. industrial areas
3. variety in residential districts
4. small shopping centres

Question 11

features off cities

Answer 11

• core
• inner city
• suburban ring
• urban fringe

Question 12

reasons for movement to rural- urban fringe

Answer 12

• cheap land
• room for expansion
• attractive environment
• good accessibility
• workers and work close by
• plenty of car parking

Question 13

brownfield sites advantages

Answer 13

• reduces loss of countryside
• helps revive old unused areas
• services such as water, electricity already in place
• located nearer to main areas

Question 14

brownfield sites disadvantages

Answer 14

• more expensive
• surrounded by rundown areas
• high levels of pollution
• may not have access to modern roads

Question 15

greenfield site advantages

Answer 15

• cheap and rates of house building faster
• layout not hampered
• healthier environment

Question 16

greenfield sites disadvantages

Answer 16

• valuable farm/recreational space lost
• attractive scenery lost
• wildlife lose their habitats
• development causes noise and light pollution
• encourages urban sprawl

Question 17

developing country urban issues

Answer 17

1. squatter settlements
2. water/toilet/sewage
3. electricity supply
4. road conditions
5. informal economy
6. pollution
7. health
8. floods and natural hazards
9. crime

Question 18

developed country urban issues

Answer 18

1. food
   high demand, low supply
2. energy
3. transport
4. waste disposal
5. concentrated resource consumption
6. health
7. segregation

Question 19

7 quality of life indicators

Answer 19

1. income
2. employment
3. health
4. education
5. access to housing and services
6. crime
7. living environment

Question 20

symptoms of deprivation and poverty

Answer 20

1. physical signs of poor housing
2. unattractive housing
3. lack of quality services
4. high incidence of unemployment
5. high incidence of crime and domestic disputes

Question 21

cycle of poverty

Answer 21

1. lack access to food, healthcare, school
2. hunger, poor sanitation, lack of education
3. few work oppurtunities, death
4. unskilled workforces, employment
5. low family income

Question 22

strategies to living more sustainably in developing country

Answer 22

1. waste disposal- abans environmental services collect waste 2 to 3 times a week.
2. transport
   - have specific buses for each occasion (school, regular, night)
3. education- all gov schools are funded and offered free of charge
4. health- free healthcare in government hospitals.
5. employment
   -job seekers
   - government plans to provide employment opportunities in state sector for 50,000 uemployed graduates
6. housing
   - gov provides housing units for middle income groups
   - Sahapura housing project: housing project, 671 housing units

Question 23

urban living strategies in developed country

Answer 23

1. waste
   - reduced waste going to landfill
   - London waste strategy: achieve 0 waste direct to landfill
2. transport
   - London Underground: Jubilee line encourages more people to use public transport

• oyster card: integrated travel payment allows people to use transport more efficiently

3. education
   - 3 gov- running school options
   - free tuition for students
4. health
   NHS treatment is free for UK residents
   - Olympic village
5. employment
   - new jobs in tourism
   - 20,000 jobs created
   - Westfield shopping mall created 10,000 jobs
6. housing
   - green roofs
   - more affordable housing

Question 24

5 slum- management options

Answer 24

1. bull doze and clear away
2. clear away but relocate
3. redevelop
4. improve by self help
5. ignore

Question 25

stakeholders who helps urbanisation

Answer 25

1. politicians
2. planners
3. property developers
4. industrialists
5. national charities
6. international charities
7. inter-government organisation