Urban

Question 1

the characteristic of the CBD

Answer 1

• near the oldest part of town
• lack of open space
• central location for road and railway accessibility
• tourist information
• buses and railway stations
• cultural and historical buildings e.g museums and castels
• expensive land values
• churches

Question 2

the changes in the CBD ( edinbrugh)

Answer 2

• an increase in traffic congestion and air pollution as it becomes busier lead to the introduction of traffic-free areas and trams
• shopping malls because people prefer to have everything in one place and it’s away from the adverse weather this has to lead to shops closing down on the high street
• charity shops and discount shops have been increased to help encourage people from more affluent areas.
• there has been an increasing demand for leisure amenities for eating, drinking and entertainment

Question 3

the characteristics of the inner city

Answer 3

• factories
• shipbuilding
• gridiron street pattern
• tenement housing- overcrowding, black from pollution, a strong sense of community, shared outside toilet
• transportation systems- railways, canal, ports, docks
• a body ( stream or river) coal materials

Question 4

the changes in the inner city ( Leith )

Answer 4

• the new Scottish government offices at victoria quarry Leith created 1600 full-time jobs
• on commercial quarry former warehouse are now offices and high order shops and restaurants
• at the western harbour the next generation gym was built as well as 450 luxury flats
• ocean terminal is a major shopping center and cinema complex providing services for the local residents as well as attracting people to the area
• the royal yacht Britannia was brought to Leith to provide a major tourist attraction

Question 5

the characteristics of the suburbs

Answer 5

• detached and semi-detached housing
• large houses with gardens and garages

more greenery

• cheaper land
• cul-de-sacs and crescent
• housing and streets planned
• local schools near for children
• local shops
• far away from the CBD

Question 6

the characteristics of the rural-urban fringe

Answer 6

• open countryside- fields, golf, parks and forests around the edge
• less traffic congestion
• a pleasant environment with open space
• easier access a better road infrastructure
• cheaper land value
• greenbelt is an arena of land around an urban area where development is severely restricted it was created in 1947 by an act of parliament

Question 7

the advantages of out of town shopping centre

Answer 7

• closer to people
• try to get people out of the city centre
• all compacted
• useful/ practical shops
• entertainment centres
• restaurants and fast food

Question 8

the disadvantages of out of town shopping centre

Answer 8

• outside
• not enough parking
• not as much business
• busy

Question 9

the solutions to traffic in Edinburgh

Answer 9

• one way systems were created to help improve traffic flow and reduce congestion on key routes
• parking is made difficult through the use of traffic wardens and permits holder zones discouraging motorists from taking their cars into the CBD on George street it costs £2 per hour to park
• park and ride is where people drive to the edge of the city on express bus service. there are park and ride services at the airport, stations this stops multiple cars going in and out and allows just one to carry many people reducing pollution and the number of cars on the road
• cycle lanes were introduced because the cyclist is slow and they need room and with cycle lanes, it encouraged people to cycle instead of drive which reduced the amount of traffic and pollution
• trams link the airport to St Andrew’s square. the rams reduce noise and air pollution in the CBD and also carry as many people as 3 conventional buses.

Question 10

what are the characteristics and problems in Rio’s shantytowns

Answer 10

• crammed
• poor living conditions
• had to make everything for theselves
• everything is reused and recycled
• lots of gangs and violent and drug users
• no government
• no police
• no clean running water
• disease
• no transport systems
• shantytown built on hills so at the risk of landslide
• high infant mortality rate
• overcrowded 8 people to a home

Question 11

the 5 strategies to improve Rios shanty town living conditions

Answer 11

• self-help scheme this involved the Brazilian government providing basic materials to help improve their own and their neighbours home its a bottom-up approach this can provide a new skill set to local people who can use this for future employment
• site and service schemes this is a top-down approach the government also trying to upgrade basic services like paving roads to allow refuse lorries to collect rubish, establishing appropriate sewage systems and installing electricity and street lighting other facilities such as schools and health centres are also built to transform the favela into and establishment community
• non-goverment organisation project favela help to improve life in the favelas. international volunteers to help educate and mentor favela residents to give them the opportunities they need to improve their living conditions they mostly taught music and P.E
• project Singapura the Brazilian government cleared large areas of favelas and built tower block in their place to rehouse the favela residents. the new superblocks cost almost 15 times more than the site and service scheme
• the pacification campaign was established in 2008 to deal with widespread crimes in favelas in Rio the aim was for the police to take back control of favelas and begin to improve the quality of lie for residents the reclaimed the favelas street by street they searched house cars and suspects for drugs and weapons the government also gave drug dealers and gun traffickers advanced warning to leave before the military police units trained in urban warfare were sent in