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Humanities > Unit Three: The Age Of Exploration > Flashcards

Unit Three: The Age Of Exploration Flashcards

1
Q

The new world

A

The age of expansion. This was a crucial factor in Europe.
Reasons people came to the new world:
1. Gold
2. Trade
3. Converting

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2
Q

Christopher Columbus

A 
An Italian born navigator, described as the discoverer of the new world. However the Vikings were the first to discover the new land. 
    His three ships:
      1. Pinta
      2. Nina
      3. Santa Maria 
1942 he discovered land. 
🔹Columbus made 4 journeys
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3
Q

Hernan Cortez

A

Conquistador serves as a soldier in an expedition to Cuba in 1511. He set his sites on taking over and over ruling Montezuma II.

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4
Q

Montezuma II

A

King of the Aztecs.

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5
Q

Vasco da Gama

A

Portuguese explorer; first person to sail directly from Europe to India. He was looking for christians and spices.

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6
Q

John Cabot

A

Explorer and navigator, who made a voyage to sail to England. He attempted to demonstrate the possibility of a shorter route.

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7
Q

Amerigo Vespucci

A

🔹First person to recognize the north and South America as continents.
Predicted the circumference accurately sigh in 50 miles.

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8
Q

Ferdinand Magellan

A

Portuguese explorer, sailed for Portugal and Spain.

🔹First person to sail all the way around the world.

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9
Q

Conquistadors

A

A conquer used to refer to the shoulders and explorers if the Spanish/ Portuguese empire. They were professional warriors who knew how to move quickly. They colonized most of the world.

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10
Q

Quetzalcoatl

A

🔹Aztec god of wind and learning. Called the “Feather Serpent.”

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11
Q

The Inca Empire

A

Flourished in ancient Peru, their empire extended across western South America form Quinto to Santiago.
🔹Largest empire ever seen in the americas.
🔹Agricultural land divided into three parts:
1. Production for state religion and the gods.
2. For the Inca ruler.
3. For the farmers own use.

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12
Q

Quipu

A

An assembly of knots and strings which was highly transportable and could record decimals up to 10,000.

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13
Q

Tahuantinsuyu

A

Land of the four quarters. It stretched 2500 miles, tropical forests, high mountains and deserts.

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14
Q

Atahualapa

A

One key figure in the history of the European colonization of South America. He was the last emperor of the largest empire.
🔹God King
Taken captive by 200 men.

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15
Q

Francisco Pizzaro

A

Landed in Peru in 1532, founded unimaginable riches, The Temple of Gold. Spanish conquered, captured Atahualpa as well as the Inca Empire. He founded the city of Lima, Peru.

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16
Q

The Columbia Exchange

A

Tobacco, turkey, and and potatoes came to Europe from America. Wheat, measles, horses, and earthworms came to America from Europe.
Colombia changed the face of the earth.
Plasmodium falciparum- a parasite that causes malaria, gained foothold in North America.

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17
Q

William Shakespeare

A

The foremost dramatist of his time; evidence indicates that he looked to poetry not play writes. He often added words to the English language and wrote sonnets. He addresses his sonnets to a friend known as the “dark lady.”

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18
Q

John Milton

A

English poet considered the most influential English authors after Shakespeare.
🔹Best known for Paradise Lost; widely regarded as the greatest epic poem in English.
-it formed the basis of his reputation.
-advocated the abolition of the Church of England.

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19
Q

Miguel de Cervantes

A

Wrote Don Quixote, considered to be the greatest work of literature during this time. He was the founder of the idea of a novella.

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20
Q

Baroque Period

A

A period of artistic style that used exaggerated motion and clear easily interpreted detail to produce drama tension exuberance and grandeur. Success of the style was encouraged by the Catholic Church in response to the protestant reformation that the arts should communicate religious themes in direct and emotional involvement.

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21
Q

Peter Paul Rubens

A

🔹The best impetus of baroque paintings, dynamism, vitality, and sensuous exuberance. Best known for his religious and mythological compositions.

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22
Q

Caravaggio

(Master of light and dark)

A

🔹The father of Baroque.

Painted the story of the Bible as bloody and accentuated it.

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23
Q

Tenebrism

A

I’m the history of western painting, the use of extreme contrasts of light and dark in figurative compositions to heighten their dramatic effect. The figures are portrayed against a darkness.

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24
Q

Voltaire

A

One of the greatest French writers, considered as a courageous, crusader against tyranny, bigotry, and cruelty.
🔹Most famous work: Candid

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25
Q

The Rococo Period

A

A decorative style most often used in interior design, painting, architecture, and sculpture. The movement actually began in the 17th century. The movement portrayed the life as aristocracy.

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26
Q

Rocaille

A

Meaning rock and shell garden.

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27
Q

Jean-Antoine Watteau

A

🔹One of the first Rococo painters.

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28
Q

Neo-classic Period

A

🔹Neoclassicism, also called Classism was the predominant movement in European art and architecture during the 18th and 19th centuries.
Reaction of the Rococo.
🔹Their works were serious, unemotional and sternly heroic.
🔹Federal style is what it’s called today.

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29
Q

Jacques-Louis David

A

Most celebrated French artist of his day. Rigorous contours, sculpted forms, and polished surfaces.

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30
Q

Fransisco de Goya

A

Used his art to record moments of his country’s history. He created a series of etchings depicting the horrors of war.
-Painted “The Third of May.”

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31
Q

Romantic Period

A

An artistic and literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and peaked in the 180 to 1850’s.

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32
Q

Eugene Delacroix

A

Inspired by the works of Peter Paul Rubens, one of the greatest French romanticist painters. Focused on color. Most popular paintings:

  1. Liberty Leading the People
  2. Death of Sardanapalus
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33
Q

Johann Wolfgang Goethe

A

German poet.

🔹Considered the greatest literary figure.

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34
Q

Promethean Hero

A 
The idea during the romantic period of the doomed hero. Striving against the current of society and unknown personal reason/ heroic. 
Examples: 
1. Alexander the Great
2. Caesar 
3. Napoleon
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35
Q

Realism Period

A

Realism refers to a literary and artistic movement late 1800’s/1900’s this period was a reaction against romanticism.

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36
Q

Jean-Francois Millet

A

🔹Noted for his scenes of peasant farmer, “Naturalist.”

Famous paintings “The Gleaners” and “Peasants brining home a calf born in the fields.”

37
Q

Immanuel Kant

A

He argues that human understanding is the source of the general laws of nature that structures our experience.
🔹Motto: “dare to know, have the courage to use your own intelligence.”

38
Q

Francis Bacon

A

Claimed, “All knowledge as his province.” Empirical method, and Inductive Reasoning.
🔹Wrote: The Greatest Instauriation, outlined all his work.

39
Q

Rene Descartes

A

He formulated the first modern version of mind- body dualism, which stems the mind- body problem, promoted the development of a new science. Deductive reasoning and Cartesian Duality.
🔹The father of modern Philosophy.
🔹”I think, therefore I am.”

40
Q

State of Nature

A

A situation without government, employed in social contract theory in order to justify political authority.

41
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

English men, wrote the Leviathan.

42
Q

John Locke

A

Englishmen, founder of school of thought wrote “Essay concerning Human understanding,” set out to offer an analysis of the human mind and its acquisition of knowledge.

43
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A

Swiss born philosopher.

🔹Wrote “Social Contract.”

44
Q

Montesquieu

A

“The Spirits if Laws.”
🔹Monarchy- Elected by the people, best power.
🔹Republic- Created the separation of powers.
🔹Despotism- A country or political system where the ruler holds absolute power.

45
Q

Indentured servitude

A

🔹It was the preferred method.
The growth of tobacco, rice, and indigo of the plantation economy created a need for labor in southern America without machinery.

46
Q

Headright System

A

For each laborer brought across the Atlantic, the master was rewarded with 50 acres of land. It was upheld by the wealthy plantation owners. Soon planters began to prefer African slavery to the Headright system.

47
Q

Golden Triangle

A

“The Middle Passage”. It was the route taken by the save ships.

  • Europe
  • Africa
  • The New World
  • Europe
48
Q

Salutary Neglect

A

A period of extreme wealth.

49
Q

American revolution

A

13 of Great Britains North American colonies won political independence and went on to form the US.

50
Q

Declaration of Independence

A

Divided into 5 sections.

51
Q

Articles of confederation

A

🔹 First American Constitution

52
Q

American Constitution and the Bill of Rights

A

🔹 Second constitution.

Bill of rights is the collective name for the first 10 amendments.

53
Q

George Washington

A

🔹 first president

54
Q

Thomas Jefferson

A

Penned the Declaration of Independence.

🔹3rd president.

55
Q

French Revolution

A

🔹 1789 the birth of the United States. We become a country in the French revolution begins.

56
Q

James Madison

A

Authorize the bill of rights, fourth president.

57
Q

Declaration of the rights of man and citizen

A

“All men are born and remain free and equal in rights”.

58
Q

Maximilian Robespierre

A

Architect of the reign of terror.

59
Q

Reign of terror

A

The period of the French Revolution. 30,000 suspects were arrested 17,000 were officially executed 10,000 died in prison 50,000 people died. The day to take harsh measures against all suspected of being enemies of the revolution.

60
Q

Scientific revolution

A

Changed peoples thought process. Geocentric- sun circles the earth. This attempted to understand and explain man in the natural world. Overturned the authority of the middle ages in the classical world.

61
Q

Epistemological Revolution

A

It changed man’s thought process.

62
Q

Nicolaus Copernicus

A

De Revolutionibus Orbium Coetestium was published in 1543. The book explained his theory of a heliocentric solar system.

63
Q

Geocentric

A

“Sun circles the earth”.

64
Q

Heliocentric

A

“Everything goes around the sun.”

65
Q

Sir Issac Newton

A

🔹One of the most brilliant minds ever produced by western civilization.

66
Q

The industrial revolution

A

Took place in the 19th and 18th century. Cottage industry-everyone worked men women and children.
🔹 began in Britain around 1750.

67
Q

Charles Dickens

A

English novelist, considered the greatest of Victorian era.
🔹Christmas Carol
🔹A Tale of Two Cities

68
Q

Upton Sinclair

A

Writer of novels of social protest and political tacts; 🔹Best Known for exposing the meatpacking industry, “The Jungle.”
The jungle was about miss treated workers as Sinclair intended it didn’t help the workers it help the food.

69
Q

Transcendentalism

A

Push towards American style. It was a reaction to or protest against the general state of intellectualism and spirituality.
🔹A reaction against scientific rationalism.

70
Q

Biblical Criticism

A

Looking at the Christian and jewish scriptures through the eyes of literary analysis. In other words analyzing the Bible and churches.

71
Q

Ralph Waldo Emerson

A

Spokes man for transcendentalism. First book, “Nature.”

72
Q

Henry David Thoreau

A

A leading transcendentalist, best known for his book “Walden.” It was a reflection upon simple living.
🔹 Wrote “Civil Disobedience.”

73
Q

The second great awakening

A

The rise of Evangelicalism. 50 years following independence, witnessed drastic change.
🔹The virtues and behaviors of the middle class- a strong work ethic, frugality and temperance- were legitimized.
🔹rapidly growing population.
🔹Treaty with Britain in 1783 and the Louisiana purchase.

74
Q

Karl Marx

A

The most influential Socialist thinkers to emerge. Created Marxism which is known as communism.
Friedrich Engels- good friend, financial sponsor and supporter.
🔹Wrote “Das Capital” and “Communist Manifesto.”

75
Q

American Exceptionalism

A

Derived in large measure from the rhetoric of freedom and equality which had driven the revolution and served as a democratic idealism.
The “Contagion of Liberty.”

76
Q

Mathew Brady

A

🔹Father of photojournalism.
His photos have a major impact on society. He often depicted wars.
🔹1850 he published “ The Gallery of Illustrious Americans.”

77
Q

Daguerreotype

A

Early versions of a photograph first commercially successful photographic process.

78
Q

Thomas Alva Edison

A

American inventor, 1093 patents. Created the first industrial research laboratory.

79
Q

Edouard Manet

A 
French painter. 
🔹Not an impressionist, but influenced many for thinking outside the box. 
His painting include: 
🔹Luncheon on the Grass
🔹Olympia 
🔹A Bar at the Follies- Berger
80
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Created the works:
🔹Origin of Species
🔹Descent of Man
The weak were diminished and their cultures delimited, while the string took over.

81
Q

Natural Selection

A

Darwin’s theory.

82
Q

Herbert Spencer

A

Survival of the Fittest.

83
Q

Social Darwinists

A

Spencer believe that the process of natural selection on variations in the population would result in the survival of the best competitors and in continuing improvement in the population.

84
Q

Claude Monet

A

French painter, Who was the leading and most influential advocate for the impressionist style.
🔹 his popularity soared the second half 20th century.
🔹Father of impressionism.

85
Q

Impressionist

A

Impressionistic paintings weren’t about detail but rather meant to manifest the impressions of a scene and the emotions it brings out of you.

86
Q

Vincent Van Gough

A

A Dutch post impressionist painter whose work influenced the 20th century.
🔹Known for his expressive use of vivid colors.

87
Q

Pablo Picasso

A

🔹Co-created of Cubism.

Devoted himself to an artist production that contributed to the development of modern Art in the 20th century.

88
Q

Cubism

A

Objects that are broken apart and reassembled in an abstract way.

89
Q

Post-Impressionist

A

The last of the impressionist movement.

Humanities (1 decks)

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