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AP Psychology > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

memory

A

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

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2
Q

encoding

A

the processing of information into the memory system

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3
Q

storage

A

the process of retaining encoded information over time

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4
Q

parallel processing

A

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously

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5
Q

sensory memory

A

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

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6
Q

short-term memory

A

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing

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7
Q

long-term memory

A

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. knowledge, skills, and experiences.

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8
Q

working memory

A

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

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9
Q

explicit memory

A

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”

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10
Q

effortful processing

A

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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11
Q

automatic processing

A

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.

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12
Q

implicit memory

A

retention independent of conscious recollection

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13
Q

iconic memory

A

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

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14
Q

echoic memory

A

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

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15
Q

chunking

A

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

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16
Q

mnemonics

A

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

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17
Q

spacing effect

A

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

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18
Q

testing effect

A

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information.

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19
Q

shallow processing

A

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

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20
Q

deep processing

A

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

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21
Q

hippocampus

A

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

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22
Q

flashbulb memory

A

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

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23
Q

long-term potentiation

A

an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

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24
Q

recall

A

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

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25
Q

recognition

A

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

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26
Q

relearning

A

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.

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27
Q

priming

A

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

28
Q

mood-congruent memory

A

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

29
Q

serial position effect

A

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

30
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

an inability to form new memories

31
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

an inability to retrieve information from one’s past

32
Q

proactive interference

A

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

33
Q

retroactive interference

A

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

34
Q

repression

A

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

35
Q

misinformation effect

A

incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

36
Q

source amnesia

A

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heart about, read about, or imagined.

37
Q

deja vu

A

that eerie sense that “ive experienced this before”

38
Q

cognition

A

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

39
Q

concept

A

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

40
Q

prototype

A

a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories.

41
Q

creativity

A

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.

42
Q

convergent thinking

A

narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution.

43
Q

divergent thinking

A

expands the number of possible problem solutions

44
Q

algorithm

A

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

45
Q

heuristic

A

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithm

46
Q

insight

A

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution

47
Q

confirmation bias

A

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.

48
Q

mental set

A

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

49
Q

intuition

A

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.

50
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.

51
Q

availability heuristic

A

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

52
Q

overconfidence

A

the tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements.

53
Q

belief preserverance

A

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

54
Q

Framing

A

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements

55
Q

language

A

our spoken, written, or signed words and the way we combine them to communicate meaning

56
Q

phoneme

A

in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

57
Q

morpheme

A

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning

58
Q

grammar

A

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.

59
Q

babbling stage

A

beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.

60
Q

one-word stage

A

the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.

61
Q

two-word stage

A

beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements.

62
Q

telegraphic speech

A

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram-“go car”- using mostly nouns and verbs.

63
Q

aphasia

A

impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area(impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area(impairing understanding)

64
Q

Broca’s Area

A

controls language expression- an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech

65
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

controls language reception- a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe

66
Q

linguistic determinism

A

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think.

AP Psychology (8 decks)

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