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RATs > Unit 4: The Rat > Flashcards

Unit 4: The Rat Flashcards

1
Q

term referring to both rats and mice

A

Murine (both from subfamily muridae)

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2
Q

rats and mice belong to which order

A

rodentia (comes from latin word Rodere meaning to gnaw)

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3
Q

rats reach sexual maturity at ab what age

A

2 months

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4
Q

why rats are unable to vomit

A

ridge covering opening of esophagus

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5
Q

define teratology

A

study of abnormal development/ birth defects

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6
Q

when does epiphysus (epiphyseal plates) in rats close?

A

never, constantly growing

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7
Q

__ digits on front feet

__ digits on back

A

4 front

5 back

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8
Q

rats are hypsodontic meaning

A

their teeth are constantly growing

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9
Q

gland behind eyes in rats that contains porphyrin

A

Harderian gland

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10
Q

what causes rat tears to be red

A

porphyrin (red pigment) excreted by harderian gland

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11
Q

purpose of porphyrin in rat tears

A

pheromone and lubricant

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12
Q

a rat that stops grooming is a sign that

A

the rat is unhealthy in some way

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13
Q

which is longer in rats, bottom or top incisors

A

bottom

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14
Q

define chromodacryorrhea and possible causes

A

excessive flow of pigmented tears

stress or disease

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15
Q

rats are monogastric and ferment where

A

cecum (hind-gut fermenters)

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16
Q

rats are coprophagic, meaning

A

they eat their own feces to regain nutrients

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17
Q

t or f, male and female rats have 6 pairs of nipples

A

F; male rats do not have nipples (females do have 6 pairs)

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18
Q

rats are prone to what kind of tumors

A

mammary tumors; bc they have extensive mammary tissue going from over the shoulders to the caudal perianal region

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19
Q

how to sex rats

A

observe anogenital distance (males is twice as long)

females develop teats (5-15 days)

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20
Q

female rats can be bred how long after parturition

A

24 hrs (have postpartum estrus)

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21
Q

define an inbreeding scheme

A

related members of specific strain bred for minimal genetic variation

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22
Q

define outbreeding scheme

A

unrelated animals of same stock are bred

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23
Q

the outbred stock we have

A

Long-Evans

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24
Q

define malocclusion

A

overgrowth of teeth

25
Q

low humidity can cause

A

ringtail

26
Q

resp infection that causes thick mucopurulent nasal/occular discharge

A

mycoplasma

27
Q

causal agents of rat pneumonia

A

pasteurella or streptococcus

28
Q

signs of otitis externa following mycoplasm infection

A

tortocolis (wry-neck/head tilt), circling, sweet-foul smelling drainage
advanced= facial nerve paralysis or eye blinking

29
Q

a kind of tumor usually benign in rats and will most likely grow back if removed

A

mammary fibroadenoma

30
Q

how tyzzer’s disease is spread

A

fecal-oral route, caused by poor sanitation

31
Q

causal agent of tyzzers disease

A

clostridium piliforme

32
Q

tyzzers disease produces disease in ____ and ____

what species are susceptible?

A

liver and heart

all species of lab animal susceptible

33
Q

virus that compromises immune system, is seriously contagious, and usually subclinical

A

Sendai virus

34
Q

how to measure gavage length

A

tip of nose to last rib

35
Q

what is an IP injection

A

Intraperitoneal injection; in abdomen

36
Q

needle size for rat venipuncture

A

26-27g

37
Q

most lab rats are related to what species of rat

A

rattus norvegicus

38
Q

rats have a fusiform body meaning that

A

they have a spindle-shaped body

39
Q

define an inbred strain

A

group of descendants of at least 20 brother-sister or parent-sibling matings

40
Q

what the SHR strain is usful for

A

Spontaneous hypertensive rat; good for studying high blood pressure

41
Q

list the 3 outbred stocks

A

Sprague-Dawley(SD), Long-Evans(LE), Wistar (WI)

42
Q

which outbred stocks are albinos, how to distinguish

A

SD and WI, WI have wider heads and longer ears

43
Q

list uses of rats in research

A

dental research (rat molars resemble humans), toxicology studies (cant vomit), bred to be susceptible to hypertension, diabetes, cataracts or obesity, behavioral studies (bc ability to adapt to new environments), also audiology oncology teratology gerontology endocrinology and immunology

44
Q

rat dental formula

A

I 1/1, C 0/0, M3/3 (6 on top, 6 on bottom)

45
Q

rat lungs have __ lobes in the right and __ lobes in the left

A

4 lobes right (larger), and only 1 on the left

46
Q

how long is gestation in rats

A

20-22 days

47
Q

list the 2 mating systems

A

monogamous (1 male 1 female) and polygamous (1 male many females)

48
Q

what age female rats develop nipples

A

5-15 days

49
Q

what are pinworms and how to identify

A

internal parasite, commonly LI, inspect anus and fecal float (also causes severe itching)

50
Q

genus species of rat lice

A

Polyplax serrata

51
Q

how to restrain rat

A

grab by base of tail, may “barrel-hold” by encircling thorax with index and middle finger

52
Q

difference between IP injection in rats and mice

A

rats- give in lower left quadrant to avoid cecum

mice- give in right side to avoid spleen

53
Q

what may happen if we hit the sciatic nerve causing lameness

A

rat may begin to self mutilate

54
Q

how to draw blood from rat saphenous vein

A

nick w 23g needle, drip into container 1/4-1/2cc at most (syringe would flatten vein)

55
Q

most human method of euthanizing a rat

A

isoflurane overflow until death

56
Q

other than an overflow of isoflurane, what other ways do we euthanize rats

A

barbiturate overdose followed by CO2 chamber to asphixiate

can also decapitate if tissue or body fluid must be uncontaminated for research (approved by iacuc)

57
Q

Nearly ___ % of mammals are rodents

A

40%

58
Q

Rat tails make up __% of their body in length

A

85%

RATs (16 decks)

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