Unit 4

Question 1

________ structure level of proteins: order of amino acids.

Answer 1

Primary

Question 2

_________ structure level of proteins: small spirals or kinks.

Answer 2

Secondary

Question 3

______ structure level of proteins: polypeptide folds into globular structure.

Answer 3

Tertiary

Question 4

________ structure level of proteins: combination of multiple polypeptides

Answer 4

Quaternary

Question 5

not all proteins have every level, many lack _____ and _______.

Answer 5

Tertiary and Quaternary

Question 6

• Guide proper folding.
• Reduce aggregation.

Answer 6

Chaperonin

Question 7

______ of proteins can lead to disease and allergies.

Answer 7

misfolding

Question 8

_______ is when a protein unfolds and loses its secondary, tertiary, quaternary structure.

Answer 8

Denaturation

Question 9

how can cells use denaturation

Answer 9

to turn proteins on or off

Question 10

Biological catalysts

Answer 10

Enzymes

Question 11

long chain of amino acids linked by peptide (covalent) bonds

Answer 11

Polypeptides

Question 12

determines the amino acid’s nature (that is, whether it is acidic, basic, polar, or nonpolar)

Answer 12

Side Chain or R group

Question 13

energy necessary for a reaction to occur

Answer 13

Activation energy

Question 14

Molecule on which enzymes act

Answer 14

substrate

Question 15

the region of an enzyme where a substrate binds

Answer 15

Active site

Question 16

Molecule that activates enzymes

Answer 16

Cofactor

Question 17

What are the two types of cofactors?

Answer 17

o Inorganic cations
o Coenzymes = organic molecules (often vitamins)

Question 18

molecule that inactivates enzyme.

Answer 18

Inhibitor

Question 19

______ inhibitors bind at active site and blocks active site

Answer 19

competitive

Question 20

______ inhibitors bind away from active site. – change shape of active site.

Answer 20

non-competitive

Question 21

molecule increases or decreases enzyme activity by binding away from active site.

Answer 21

allosteric regulator