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HHD Exam > unit 3, aos 1 > Flashcards

unit 3, aos 1 Flashcards

1
Q

HW

A

the state of a person’s physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual existence, characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, health, capable and engaged

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2
Q

Equilibrium

A

a state of balance/calmness

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3
Q

Disease

A

physical, mental disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunction or tissue damage

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4
Q

Illness

A

a subjective concept related to personal experience of a disease or injury

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5
Q

Dynamic

A

constantly changing

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6
Q

PHW

A

relates to the functioning of the body and its systems; it includes the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks

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7
Q

PHW EG

A

o Healthy body weight
o Freedom from illness, disease and injury
o Adequate energy levels
o Ability to complete physical tasks adequately
o Appropriate levels of fitness
o Strong immune system
o Well-functioning body, systems and organs

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8
Q

SHW

A

relates to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations. It also includes the level of support provided by family and within a community to ensure that every person has equal opportunity to function as a contributing member of the society

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9
Q

SHW EG

A

o Supportive network of friends
o Supportive and well-functioning family
o Ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations
o Effective communication
o Productive relationships with other people

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10
Q

EHW

A

relates to the ability to express emotions and feelings in a positive way. Emotional health and wellbeing is the degree to which an individual feels emotionally secure and relaxed in everyday life

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11
Q

EHW EG

A

o Recognise and understand a range of emotions
o Effectively respond to and manage emotions
o Experience appropriate emotions in different scenarios
o High levels of resilience

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12
Q

MHW

A

the current state of wellbeing relating to a person’s mind or brain and the ability to think and process information. A mentally healthy brain enables an individual to positively form opinions, make decisions and use logic

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13
Q

MHW EG

A

o Low levels of stress and anxiety
o Positive self-esteem
o Process information to solve problems
o High levels of confidence
o Use logic and reasoning to make decisions and opinions
o Positive thought patterns

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14
Q

SPHW

A

relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings. It includes the concepts of hope, peace, a guiding sense of meaning or value, and reflection on your place in the world.

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15
Q

SPHW EG

A

o A sense of belonging and connection to the world
o Positive meaning and purpose in life
o Peace and harmony
o Developed personal values and beliefs
o Acting according to values and beliefs

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16
Q

Overall health and wellbeing:

A
  • Healthy self-esteem
  • Network of close friends
  • Sense of purpose and meaning
  • Optimistic outlook
  • Happy intimate relationship with a partner
  • Enjoyable and fulfilling career
  • Enough money
  • Regular exercise
  • Nutritious diet
  • Sufficient sleep
  • Spiritual or religious beliefs
  • Fun hobbies and leisure pursuits
  • Realistic and achievable goals
  • A sense of belonging
  • The ability to adapt to change
  • Living in a fair and democratic society
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17
Q

Individually:

A

o Work productively
o Reduced healthcare costs
o Gain an education
o Earn an income
o Exercise
o Effectively run a household
o Spend time with friends
o Work towards their purpose in life
o Increase leisure time
o Live independently
o Sleep well

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18
Q

Nationally

A

o Longer, healthier lives
o Health system savings
o Fewer people relying on social security
o Increased productivity
o Higher average incomes
o Reduced stress and anxiety in the community
o Increased social participation

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19
Q

Globally

A

o Reduced risk of disease transmission between countries
o Assists in promoting peace and stability
o Promotes economic development
o Promotes social development
o Promotes sustainability

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20
Q

Peace

A

absence of conflict

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21
Q

Peace …

A
  • Individually:
    o Risk of injury and premature death associated with conflict decreases during times of peace, and the accompanying reduction in levels of stress and anxiety can enhance mental health and wellbeing
    o Peaceful environment increases the ability of people to move freely around their community and go about their daily activities such as working, accessing food, going to school and socialising, allowing the pursue of their purpose in life and further promote h+w
  • Nationally:
    o Peace promotes the preservation of infrastructure including roads and other transport systems, agriculture, healthcare facilities (usually destroyed in conflict). Access to food and water lowers the risk of disease, and access to infrastructure provides opportunities for socialisation and leisure activities
  • Globally:
    o Peaceful countries -> capacity of governments to provide resources and services -> invest in governance, education healthcare, infrastructure -> promotes social and economic development
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22
Q

Shelter

A

structure that provides protection from the outside environment

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23
Q

Shelter …

A
  • Individually:
    o Protection from adverse weather -> adequate sleep -> increase the ability to pursue employment and education in waking hours -> income
    o Protection from adverse weather -> adequate sleep -> participation in activities that add value to life -> socialising and participating in the community (s h+w)
  • Nationally:
    o Adequate shelter -> reduces ability of others to enter -> feelings of privacy, safety and security -> reduces national crimes again people (e.g theft)
  • Globally:
    o Adequate shelter -> reduces ability of others to enter -> feelings of privacy, safety and security -> promotes peace in relation to decreased theft
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24
Q

Education

A

gaining knowledhe

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25
Q

Education …

A
  • Individually:
    o Education -> allows for ability to earn an income -> greater access to resources -> spend money on food, leisure, etc
  • Nationally:
    o Access to education -> promotes literacy -> better education in accessing healthcare when required -> longer healthier lives
  • Globally:
    o Access to education -> higher income -> spending money at local businesses -> promotes economic development
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26
Q

Food

A

substances to sustain grown, vital processes and furnish energy

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27
Q

Food …

A
  • Individually:
    o Access to appropriate and nutritious food -> provide adequate levels of energy -> increases capability to attend school and learn -> improved thought and logic patterns
  • Nationally:
    o Adequate nutrition -> allows individuals to work -> earn an income -> contributes to economy improvement of a country
  • Globally:
    o Adequate nutrition -> allows individuals to work -> earn an income -> promotes economic development
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28
Q

Income

A

amount an individual makes/earns

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29
Q

Income …

A
  • Individually:
    o Income -> increases the ability to afford resources -> afford healthcare, recreation, transport, education -> dimension
  • Nationally:
    o Income -> individuals can send their children to schools -> children gain understanding in health/diet/exercise -> longer, healthier lives
  • Globally:
    o Income -> individuals can buy governmental services (healthcare) -> government makes money from the economy -> capacity of governments to provide social services and resources (promotes economic development)
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30
Q

Stable ecosystem

A

provide resources required for human life

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31
Q

Stable ecosystem …

A
  • Individually:
    o Stable ecosystem -> natural environments used as a source of relaxation and recreation -> feelings of connectedness to the natural world -> feelings of peace and harmony
  • Nationally:
    o Stable ecosystem -> more plants and animals that are provided for food -> countries population having healthy and balanced diets -> longer, healthier lives
  • Globally:
    o Healthy ecosystem -> predictable weather patterns -> effective farming -> promotes sustainability/food security
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32
Q

Sustainable resources

A

ensuring that the resources used are available for future generations

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33
Q

Social justice

A

equal rights for all

34
Q

Equity

A

fairness and social justice

35
Q

Equity …

A
  • Individually:
    o Increased equity -> fairness in relation to acceptable quality and standards of living -> reduce feelings of segregation -> enhance feelings of belonging
36
Q

Incidence

A

number or rate of new cases of a disease/condition in a population during a given period

37
Q

Prevalence

A

total number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time

38
Q

BOD

A

a measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. It is measured in a unit called DALY

39
Q

DALY

A

a measure of burden of disease. One DALY is equal to one year of healthy life lose due to illness and/or death. DALYs are calculated as the sum of the years of life lose due to premature death and the years lived with disability for people living with the health condition or its consequences

40
Q

Life expectancy

A

the number of years of life, on average, remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates do not change. Most commonly used measure is life expectancy at birth

41
Q

HALE )health-adjusted life expectancy)

A

average length of time an individual at a specific age can expect to live in full health; that is, time lived without the health consequences of disease or injury

42
Q

Mortality

A

number of deaths in a population in a given period

43
Q

Maternal mortality

A

death of a mother during pregnancy, childbirth or within six weeks of delivery

44
Q

Infant mortality

A

the rate of deaths of infants before their first birthday, usually expressed per 1000 live births

45
Q

Under 5 mortality

A

the number of deaths of children under five years of age per 1000 live births

46
Q

Self-assessed health status

A

An individuals own opinion about how they feel about their health, their state of mind and their life in general

47
Q

Health status

A

An individuals or populations overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors

48
Q

Smoking:

A

Smoking: damages cells in lungs -> respiratory conditions (emphysema) -> YLL/mortality
Smoking: increases blood pressure -> heart attack/stroke -> YLL/mortality

49
Q

Alcohol

A

Alcohol: filtered through liver -> scarring of liver tissue -> toxins remaining in body -> chronic liver disease -> YLL/mortality
Alcohol: excess kilojoules stored as fat -> weight gain/obesity -> type 2 -> YLD/morbidity

50
Q

HIGH BMI

A

High BMI: strain on joints -> cartilage wears down -> osteoarthritis -> YLD/morbidity
High BMI: strain on heart -> blood pressure -> heart attack -> YLL/mortality

51
Q

Underconsumption of vegetables/fruit

A

Vegetables/Fruit: low fibre (ongoing hunger) -> overeating -> weight gain -> cardiovascular disease -> YLD/morbidity
Vegetables/Fruit: high in antioxidants -> low intake means free radicals -> harm body tissues -> contribute to cancer -> YLL/mortality
Vegetables/Fruit: intake of some vitamins deficient -> neural tube defects such as spina bifida -> incidence/YLD

52
Q

Underconsumption of dairy

A

Dairy: calcium intake low -> weak porous bones -> osteoporosis -> YLD/morbidity

53
Q

High intake of fat

A

Fat: energy dense -> weight gain -> cardiovascular disease -> YLL/mortality
Fat: change composition of cell membrane -> interfere transport of glucose into the cell -> impaired glucose regulation -> type 2 diabetes -> YLD/morbidity

54
Q

High intake of salt

A

Salt: increases blood volume -> fluid drawn out of cells -> increase blood pressure -> heart attack -> YLL/mortality
Salt: increases blood pressure -> strain on kidney -> kidney disease -> YLD/morbidity

55
Q

High intake of sugar

A

Sugar: fuel for bacteria in mouth -> produce acid -> dental decay -> dental caries
Sugar: excess kilojoules stored as fat -> weight gain/obesity -> type 2 diabetes -> YLD/morbidity

56
Q

Low intake of fibre

A

Fibre: assists in cleansing digestive tract -> colorectal cancer -> YLL/mortality
Fibre: increases absorption of glucose -> puts pressure on pancreas -> type 2 diabetes -> YLD/morbidity

57
Q

Low intake of iron

A

Iron: reduced delivery of oxygen to cells -> lack of healthy red blood cells -> anaemia -> YLD/morbidity

58
Q

Biological factors

A

factors relating to the body that impact on health and wellbeing

59
Q

Biological factors eg

A

o Genetics, body weight, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, birth weight

60
Q

Sociocultural factors

A

social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age

61
Q

Sociocultural factors EG

A

o Food security, early life experiences, access to affordable culturally appropriate healthcare, SES status, social connections

62
Q

Environmental factors

A

the physical surroundings in which we live, work and play

63
Q

Environmental factors EG

A

o Workplaces, housing, roads, geographical access to resources

64
Q

Indigenous and Non-Indigenous biological

A
  • high body mass
  • hypertension
  • impaired glucose regulation
65
Q

Indigenous and Non-Indigenous SES

A
  • unemployment
  • social exclusion
  • lack of access to culturally appropriate healthcare
66
Q

Indigenous and Non-Indigenous environment

A

Environmental:
* lack of access to healthcare
* overcrowded housing
* poor road quality

67
Q

Indigenous and Non-Indigenous HS

A

Health Status:
* higher rates of dental decay/gum disease
* diabetes
* life expectancy 10 years less

68
Q

Males and Females Biological

A
  • high body mass
  • hypertension
  • impaired glucose regulation
69
Q

Males and Females SES

A
  • impacts of unemployment
  • higher SES
70
Q

Males and Females environmental

A

Environmental:
* more dangerous environments

71
Q

Males and Females HS

A

Health Status:
* more avoidable deaths
* diabetes
* lower rates of osteoporosis

72
Q

Remote and Major Cities biological

A
  • high body mass
  • hypertension
  • impaired glucose regulation
73
Q

Remote and Major Cities SES

A

SES:
* lower incomes
* less access to education
* higher rates of unemployment

74
Q

Remote and Major Cities environmental

A

Environmental:
* poorer road quality
* reduced proximity to transport, healthcare
* more dangerous work environments

75
Q

Remote and Major Cities HS

A

Health Status:
* higher avoidable deaths
* diabetes
* higher rates of preventable cancers

76
Q

Socioeconomic biological

A
  • high body mass
  • hypertension
  • impaired glucose regulation
77
Q

Socioeconomic SES

A

SES:
* social exclusion
* less likely to access healthcare
* lower levels of health literacy

78
Q

Socioeconomic environmental

A

Environmental:
* proximity to fast food
* dangerous work environment

79
Q

Socioeconomic HS

A

Health Status:
* diabetes
* more avoidable deaths
* higher rates of strokes

80
Q
A

HHD Exam (2 decks)

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