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biology 1/2 > unit 2 exam revision > Flashcards

unit 2 exam revision Flashcards

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1
Q

Mitochondria responsibilities…

A

Responsible for aerobic cellular respiration and producing ATP.

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2
Q

Inside the mitochondria..

A

Double membranes, cristae, a matrix, circular DNA and ribosomes.

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3
Q

Chloroplasts responsibility…

A

Photosynthesis

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4
Q

Inside Chloroplasts..

A

Double membranes, Grana, Thylakoids, Lamellae, Stroma, Circular DNA, Ribosomes and Chlorophyll.

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5
Q

What are Ribosomes?

A

Cellular structures found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or free in the cytosol

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6
Q

Ribosomes responsibility..

A

Protein synthesis from amino acids.

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7
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum responsibilities..

A

Transporting materials within the cell, modifying and transporting proteins made by ribosomes… part of ER involved with lipid synthesis and transport.

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8
Q

Cristae responsibilities..

A

Increasing surface area for cellular respiration and ATP production.

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9
Q

What are Cristae?

A

Folds within the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

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10
Q

What is a Matrix?

A

Fluid-filled inner spaces of the mitochondria where cellular activities occur.

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11
Q

What are grana/granum?

A

Stacks of membranes within chloroplasts that contain thylakoids where photosynthesis occurs.

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12
Q

What is a Thylakoid?

A

Individual membrane within Grana. Light dependent photosynthesis takes place

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13
Q

What is a Lamellae?

A

Structures that join Grana within chloroplasts which aid in the functioning of photosynthesis

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14
Q

What is Stroma?

A

Fluid filling the empty spaces within chloroplasts. light dependent photosynthesis takes place.

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15
Q

What are transport vesicles?

A

Vesicles that transport substances from the ER to the Golgi Apparatus for further processing and secretion.

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16
Q

What is ATP?

A

Molecule that stores and carries energy within cells and is produced due to aerobic cellular respiration in the mitochondria, also used in other cellular processes.

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17
Q

DNA

A

“Deoxyribonucleic acid”
Genetic material found in Mitochondria’s and Chloroplasts.

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18
Q

DNA responsibilities…

A

Encoding essential proteins for their functioning.

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19
Q

What is Chlorophyll?

A

Capturing energy from the sun during photosynthesis.

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20
Q

What are Proteins?

A

Complex molecules constructed by ribosomes.

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21
Q

Protein responsibilities…

A

Known for regulating cells, tissues, organs and essential for the cell structure and function.

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22
Q

What are Amino Acids?

A

The building blocks of proteins. Most are made from the body but some come out of diet.

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23
Q

What are Enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts that are essential for various metabolic processes.

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24
Q

What is a Golgi Apparatus?

A

A system of flattened membrane sacks.

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25
Q

Golgi Apparatus responsibilities…

A

Modifying the final variation of proteins and packaging for secretion.

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26
Q

What are Vacuole?

A

A membrane sack used for storing material inside cells. They are large and permanent in plant cells while being small and temporary in animal cells.

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27
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Organelles that contain digestive enzymes to break down old organelles and pathogens.

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28
Q

What are Plastids?

A

Organelles responsible for containing and synthesizing colored pigments.

29
Q

What are Leucoplasts?

A

A type of colourless plastid

30
Q

What are chromoplasts

A

A type of plastid

31
Q

Leucoplasts responsibility…

A

Starch storage

32
Q

Chromoplasts responsibility

A

Giving flowers their colour

33
Q

What does facilitated diffusion use?

A

Carrier proteins or protein channels
Molecules
Polar molecules
Some ions

34
Q

What is Facilitated diffusion?

A

A passive process which moves molecules down a concentration gradient. This is where glucose can enter cells using a carrier protein.

35
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Movement out of a cell from the inside environment.

36
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Movement into a cell from the outside environment.

37
Q

Bulk transport…

A

Moves substances through the formation of vesicles.

38
Q

Active transport..

A

Moves substances against a concentrated gradient and transports the large charged atoms, ions and molecules.

39
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Small uncharged particles or lipid soluble molecules that pass through the lipid bilayer.

40
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of particles from highly concentrated solutes to low concentrated solutes.

41
Q

Rule of osmosis..

A

Net Movement of water molecules is from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution.. or hypertonic to hypotonic.

42
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The process of water molecules passing through the membrane.

43
Q

What does isotonic mean…

A

Solutes with equal concentration.

44
Q

What does hypotonic mean…

A

A solute with a low concentration.

45
Q

What does hypertonic mean…

A

A solute with a high concentration

46
Q

The Plasma membrane is…

A

Semi permeable. Only allowing certain materials to enter and exit.

47
Q

Carrier proteins are…

A

Proteins which allow only certain proteins to flow through.

48
Q

What is a cytoskeleton?

A

A structure of microtubules and microfilaments which provide cell shape, form and movement of organelles.

49
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Fibres made up of tubulin which form the spindle during cell division and flagella for cell movement.

50
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

Fibres made of actin which allow muscle cell contraction and cytoplasmic streaming.

51
Q

What is a cell wall?

A

The supportive structure of a cell. in plants its made up of cellulose, chitin in fungi and murein in bacteria.

52
Q

What is compartmentalisation?

A

The formation of organelle compartments which all have different conditions

53
Q

What are cells?

A

The basic units of life.

54
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

Simple cells that DON’T have a nucleus.

55
Q

What are Eukaryotes?

A

A plasma membrane.

56
Q

Inside a Eukaryote…

A

Nuclear Membrane
Nucleoplasm
Cytoplasm
Cytosol
Vesicle

57
Q

Channel proteins are..

A

Proteins which allow other proteins to flow through without restriction.

58
Q

The fatty acid tail of a phospholipid is..

A

Hydrophobic (doesnt like water)

59
Q

The phosphate head of a phospholipid is..

A

Hydrophilic (likes water)

60
Q

What are phospholipids made of?

A

Lipids with a phosphate head and a fatty acid tail.

61
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Everything between the Plasma and the Nuclear membrane

62
Q

What is cytosol?

A

The liquid part of the cytoplasm

63
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Bubble of membrane thats used as transport.

64
Q

What is the cell membrane made up of?

A

It is a lipid bilayer thats made up of phospholipids.

65
Q

What are phospholipids made of?

A

Lipids with a phosphate head and a fatty acid tail.

66
Q

What is the function of the kidney?

A

To remove metabolic wastes and to regulate the concentration of body fluids

67
Q

What are metabolic wastes?

A

Wastes that were once part of a cell of were created by a cell

68
Q
A

biology 1/2 (4 decks)

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