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AP Biology > Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function #1 > Flashcards

Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function #1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are cells?

A

Cells are the basic structural and functional units of EVERY organism

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2
Q

What do all cells have?

A
  1. Bound by plasma membrane
  2. Contain cytosol
  3. Contain chromosomes
  4. Contain ribosomes
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3
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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4
Q

What are general traits of Prokaryotes?

A

They consist of the Bacteria and Archaea domains, the DNA is found in the nucleoid region, and generally small in size

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5
Q

What are general traits of Eukaryotes?

A

The domains are protists, fungi, animals, and plants, the DNA is in the nucleus, and they contain membrane bound organelles

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6
Q

What are organelles?

A

Membrane bound structures in eukaryotes

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7
Q

What are the two types of organelles?

A

Endomembrane organelles and energy organelles

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8
Q

What are the endomembrane organelles?

A
  1. Nuclear envelope
  2. Endoplasmic reticulum
  3. Golgi complex
  4. Lysosomes
  5. Vesicles/vacuoles
  6. Plasma membrane
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9
Q

What are the energy organelles?

A
  1. Mitochondria
  2. Chloroplasts
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10
Q

Why is compartmentalization in cells helpful?

A

It allows for different metabolic reactions to occur in different locations, increases surface area for reactions

it prevents interfering reactions from occuring in the same location

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11
Q

What are the unique cell components of plant cells?

A
  1. Chloroplasts
  2. Central vacuole
  3. Cell wall
  4. Plasmodesmata
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12
Q

What are the unique cell components for animals?

A
  1. Lysosomes
  2. Centrosomes
  3. Flagella
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13
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

Chromosomes (made up of DNA) that hold genetic information

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14
Q

How is the nucleus enclosed?

A

It is enclosed by the nuclear envelope which is a double membrane, and has pores which regulate the entry and exit of materials

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15
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

A dense region of the nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized

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16
Q

What does rRNA do?

A

rRNA is combined with proteins to form the subunits of ribosomes (the subunits exit via the pores, and they assemble into ribosomes which translate messages found on mRNA into the primary structure of proteins)

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17
Q

What are ribosomes composed of?

A

rRNA and protein

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18
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

To synthesize proteins

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19
Q

Where can ribosomes be found?

A

In the cytosol (proteins produced here only function in the cytosol, known as free ribosomes, or the endoplasmic reticulum/nuclear envelope (proteins here can be secreted from the cell through transport vesicles)

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20
Q

Why are ribosomes not always classified as organelles?

A

Because they are not bound by a membrane

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21
Q

What are the functions of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

The network of sacs and tubes has two functions, one function is to synthesize proteins (Rough ER) and lipids (Smooth ER), and the other is to compartmentalize the cell to keep proteins formed in the RER separate than those of the free ribosomes

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22
Q

What does the rough ER have?

A

Contains ribosomes bound to the ER membrane

23
Q

What does the smooth ER have?

A

Contains no ribosomes so it synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, and detoxifies the cell

24
Q

What is the golgi complex made of?

A

Contains flattened membranous sacs called cisternae, which help compartmentalization by separating sacs from cytosol, and each cisternae is not connected

25
Q

How is there directionality in the golgi complex?

A

There is the cis face and the trans face, where the cis face receives vesicles from the ER, the trans face sends vesicles back out into the cytosol or to the plasma membrane for secretion

26
Q

What is the function of the golgi complex?

A

Receives transport vesicles with materials from the ER, modifies the materials (ensures new proteins are folded correctly), sorts the materials, adds molecular tags, and packages materials into new transport vesicles

27
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Membranous sacs with hydrolytic enzymes

Hydrolytic enzymes perform hydrolysis to break down molecues/waste

28
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

To hydrolyze (break down with water) macromolecules in animal cells, they can recycle their own cell’s organic materials so it can renew itself (known as autophagy, breaking down old products)

29
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

They are similar to lysosomes, and are a membrane bound metabolic compartment

30
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

They catalyse (speed up) reactions that produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and then they break down H2O2 into water (H2O)

31
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

They are large vesicles that stem from the ER and Golgi that hold specific things and are selective about that

32
Q

Explain the 3 types of vacuoles.

A
  1. Food vacuole: they form via phagocytosis (cell eating) and are digested by lysosomes
  2. Contractile vacuole: maintain water levels in cells
  3. Central vacuole: found in plant cells, and contain inorganic ions and water which helps turgor pressure in plants
33
Q

What is the endosymbiont theory?

A

The theory that explains the similarities mitochondria and chloroplasts have to prokaryotes, like how they used to be prokaryotes but a eukaryotic cell engulfed them and became 1 functional organism

34
Q

What does endosymbiont mean?

A

When a cell lives inside of another cell (ex. mitochondria and chloroplasts)

35
Q

What is the evidence of the Endosymbiont theory?

A

That chloroplasts/mitochondria have a double membrane, ribosomes, circular DNA, and are capable of functioning on their own

36
Q

What happens in the mitochondria?

A

Cellular respiration

37
Q

What is the structure of a mitochondria?

A

Has an outer and inner membrane, outer is smooth, inner has folds called cristae (so it has two internal compartments so greater SA)

38
Q

What is the intermembrane in a mitochondria?

A

The space between the inner and outer membrane

39
Q

What is the mitochondrial matrix in a mitochondria?

A

The space enclosed by the inner membrane, location for the Krebs Cycle, and contains Mitochondrial DNA, Ribosomes, and Enzymes that catalyze cellular resp and produce ATP

40
Q

How does the # of mitochondria relate to the metabolic activity of a cell?

A

High metabolic activity (ex. cells that move/contract) have more mitochondria.

41
Q

What is the chloroplast, what is it the site of, and what pigment does it contain?

A

It is a specialized organelle in photosynthetic organisms (ex. plants), site of photosynthesis, and contains the green pigment chlorophyll

42
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

Membranous sacs that organize into stacks called grana, and the light dependent reactions occur in the grana (ETC)

43
Q

What are stroma?

A

They are the fluid around thylakoids and the location for the Calvin cycle, and they contain Chloroplast DNA, Ribosomes, and Enzymes

44
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

A network of fibers throughout the cytoplasm

45
Q

What does the cytoskeleton do?

A

It gives structural support (esp animal cells) and mechanical support (think roads and structural skeletons of buildings)

46
Q

How does the cytoskeleton allow movement in the cell?

A

Movement in the cell, whether vesicles, organelles, or the whole cell, occurs when the cytoskeleton interacts with motor proteins

47
Q

What are the 3 types of fibers?

A

Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

48
Q

What are Microtubules?

A

Hollow rod structures made of protein tubulin, grow from the centrosome/centrioles (twizzler thing), and serve as structural support (think tracks) for movement of organelles that interact with motor proteins, assist in separation of chromosomes during cell division, and make up cilia and flagella

49
Q

What are Microfilaments?

A

Thin solid rods made of protein actin, functions are to maintain cell shape/bear tension, assist in muscle contraction and cell motility (actin works with protein called myosin to cause contraction, and division of animal cells (creates of cleavage furrow)

50
Q

What are Intermediate filaments?

A

Fibrous proteins made of varying subunits, and they are permanent structural elements of cells, their functions are to maintain cell shape, anchor nucleus and organelles, for the nuclear lamina (that lines the nuclear envelope)

51
Q

What is the order of protein synthesis?

A

First is transcription (RNA processing), then it Translation (mRNA to protein) then it is the folding/modification in the Golgi, THen it is the secretion or use in the cell

52
Q

What is transcription?

A

The first step in protein synthesis in the nucleus, where the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into mRNA which will be a template for the protein, and after it prepares for translation and exits through the nuclear pores

53
Q

What is translation?

A

Translation is when the mRNA codes for either proteins being excreted (rough ER) or proteins in the cytosol (free ribosomes) and it is where the ribosomes read the mRNA and translate it into a polypeptide chain, then it folds and is packaged in the ribosomes.

54
Q

What is folding and modification of protein synthesis?

A

When the vesicles go to the cis face of the golgi and get further modifications, then packaged into vesicles that leave from the trans face, and the modified proteins either fuse with membrane, exit via exocytosis, or go to a specific part of a cell

AP Biology (7 decks)

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