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Microbiology Unit 2 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

infection

A

microorganisms penetrate host defenses, enter tissues, multiply

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2
Q

factors that cause disease

A

infection
diet
genetics
aging

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3
Q

infectious disease

A

disruption of tissues or organs

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4
Q

term to describe resident flora

A

normal flora

normal biota

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5
Q

organisms make up resident flora

A

an array of bacteria
fungi
protozoa
viruses

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6
Q

endogenous infection

A

infection arises from patients own microbes
already in body
happen to site that is already sterile

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7
Q

when newborns colonized with flora

A

in utero

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8
Q

how is newborn colonized with flora

A

becomes colonized w/ mothers vaginal biota
8-12 hrs. after delivery
digests milk begins to populate the vagina
equip baby protect from skin disorders
breast milk

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9
Q

resident flora located

A 
skin
respiratory tract and lungs
GI
urethra
external genitalia
vagina
external ear canal 
external eye
;
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10
Q

resident flora are not located

A 
heart
liver
kidneys/ bladder
muscles
bones
ovaries/testes
glands
sinuses
blood
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11
Q

microbial antagonism

A

“good” microbes have against intruder microorganisms

steady, established relationship unlikely

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12
Q

true pathogens

A

capable of causing disease in healthy people w/ normal immune defenses

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13
Q

opportunistic pathogens causes disease when

A

host defenses are compromised

established in a part of body that is not natural to them

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14
Q

factors that weaken host defenses

A 
age: very young/old
AIDS
Surgery and organ transplants
underlying diseases: cancer, liver malfunction, diabetes 
chemotherapy/ immunosuppressive drugs
physical and mental stress
other infections
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15
Q

virulence factor

A

characteristic or structure of microbe
contributes to toxin production
induction of injurious host response

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16
Q

examples of virulence factors

A

exposure to protist with malaria

exposure to swine flu

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17
Q

TORCH

A 
Toxoplasmosis
Other disease: AIDS, syphilis, chlamydia
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus 
Herpes simplex virus
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18
Q

exotoxins

A

secreted by a living bacterial cell to the infected tissues

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19
Q

exotoxins characteristics

A

proteins
strong specificity for a target cell
extremely powerful
initiating lysis

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20
Q

toxicity
(exotoxins)
(endotoxins)

A

toxic in minute amounts

toxic high doses

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21
Q

effects on the body
(exotoxins)
(endotoxins)

A

TNF

systemic fever, inflammation

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22
Q

chemical composition
(exotoxins)
(endotoxins)

A

small proteins

lipopolysaccharide of cell wall

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23
Q

heat denaturation at 60 degrees C
(exotoxins)
(endotoxins)

A

unstable

stable

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24
Q

toxoid formation
(exotoxins)
(endotoxins)

A

can be converted to toxoid

cannot be converted to toxoid

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25
Q

immune response
(exotoxins)
(endotoxins)

A

stimulate antitoxins

does not stimulate antitoxins

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26
Q

fever stimulation
(exotoxins)
(endotoxins)

A

usually not

YES

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27
Q

manner of release
(exotoxins)
(endotoxins)

A

secreted from live cells

released by cell

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28
Q

typical sources
(exotoxins)
(endotoxins)

A

gram-positive or gram-positive

gram-negative

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29
Q

contact-infection-disease process

A

they don’t always lead from one to another

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30
Q

antiphagocytic factors

A

type virulence factor

used by some pathogens to avoid phagocytes

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31
Q

localized infection

A

remains confined to specific tissue
boils
fungal skin infections
warts

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32
Q

systemic infection

A

spreads to several sites

in bloodstream

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33
Q

focal infection

A

infection breaks loose from local infection
carried to other tissues
TB
Toxemia

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34
Q

mixed infection

A

same site is infected with several microbes at same time

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35
Q

primary infection

A

initial infection

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36
Q

secondary infection

A

primary infection is complicated by another infection caused by different microbe

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37
Q

acute infections

A

rapidly

short-lived effects

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38
Q

chronic infections

A

progress and persist of long period of time

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39
Q

sign

A

objective evidence of disease

noted by observer

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40
Q

symptom

A

subjective evidence of disease as sensed by the patient

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41
Q

examples of signs

A 
fever
septicemia
chest sounds
skin eruptions
abscesses
leukocytosis
leukopenia
tachycardia
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42
Q

examples of symptoms

A 
chills 
pain
ache
malaise
chest tightness
itching
headache
nausea
abdominal cramps
anorexia
sore throat
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43
Q

intoxications

A

caused by ingestion of toxins

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44
Q

how are toxins names

A

by the target of action

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45
Q

infectious dose

A

minimum number of microbes required for infection to proceed

microbes w/ smaller infectious dose have greater virulence

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46
Q

epidemilogy

A

study of frequency and distribution of disease

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47
Q

Role of CDC

A

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
conducts and supports health promotion
improve health

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48
Q

mortality rate

A

measures number of death due to disease

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49
Q

morbidity rate

A

number of persons afflicted with infectious diseases

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50
Q

incidence rate

A

measures number of new cases over certain time period

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51
Q

prevalence rate

A

total number of existing cases with respect to the entire population

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52
Q

endemic

A

infectious disease exhibits a steady frequency

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53
Q

sporadic

A

occasional cases

irregular intervals

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54
Q

epidemic

A

increasing beyond what is expected for that population

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55
Q

pandemic

A

spread of an epidemic across continents

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56
Q

fomite

A

inanimate objects that harbors and transmits pathogens

INDIRECT

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57
Q

carrier

A

individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen

can spread to others without knowing

58
Q

asymptomatic infection

A

infect but show no symptoms

59
Q

vector

A

live animal that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another

60
Q

reservoir

A

primary habitat

natural world from which a pathogen originates

61
Q

source

A

individual or object an infection is actually acquired

62
Q

examples of reservoirs

A 
soil
water
plants
syphilis
hep A
63
Q

droplet nuclei

A

dried microscopic residues

created pellets of mucus and saliva are ejected from mouth or nose

64
Q

common portal of entry

A 
skin
mucous membrane 
GI tract
respiratory tract
urogenital tract
65
Q

common portals of exit

A 
salivary and respiratory portals
skin
fecal
urogenital tract 
blood or bleeding
66
Q

Human Microbiome Project

A

collect genetic sequences in the gut, respiratory,skin, to determine which microbes are there even when they cannot be grown in lab.
determine role of normal biota play in health and disease

67
Q

mechanical vectors

A

not necessary to life cycle of an infectious agent

merely transport it without being infected

68
Q

biological vectors

A

actively participates in pathogens life cycle
serving at site
multiply or complete its life cycle

69
Q

nosocomial infections

A

acquired in the hospital

passed from patient to patient

70
Q

Koch’s postulates used to determine

A

etiology (cause)

1) find evidence
2) isolate microbe
3) inoculate
4) reisolate

71
Q

sequelae

A

form of long-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs

72
Q

examples of sequelae

A

meningitis-deafness
strep throat-rheumatic heart disease
lyme disease- arthritis
polio-paralysis

73
Q

zoonosis

A

infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans

74
Q

convalescent carrier

A

recuperating patients w/o symptoms

coney infection to others

75
Q

chronic carrier

A

shelters the infectious agent for long period after recovery

latency of infection

76
Q

plasma

A

substance in arteries and veins

circulate in blood

77
Q

plasma cells

A

B cell that produces a single type of antibody.

78
Q

plasma cells secrete

A

large volume of antibodies

79
Q

examples of granulocytes

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

80
Q

least numerous of WBC and release histamine during inflammation and allergic reaction

A

basophils

mast cells

81
Q

WBC make up 20-30%

A

LYMPHOCYTES

82
Q

most numerous WBC’s and very phagocytic

A

neutrophils

83
Q

3-7% are phagocytic

A

monocytes

84
Q

hematopoiesis

A

production of blood cells

embryonic development in yolk sac

85
Q

diapedesis

A

migrate out of blood into the tissue spaces

86
Q

function of lymph nodes

A

filters out materials
provide appropriate cells
immune reactions

87
Q

lymph nodes concentrated at

A

armpit
groin
neck

88
Q

lymph organ that filters pathogens from blood

A

spleen

89
Q

function of thymus

A

training and development of T-lymphocytes

90
Q

happens to thymus as we age

A

it shrinks

91
Q

S/SX of inflammation

A

(rubor)redness
(calor)warmth
(tumor)swelling
(dolor)pain
loss of function

92
Q

occurs during phagocytosis

A

ingest and eliminates matter, injured or dead cells

93
Q

function of PAMPS

A

recognize by phagocyte
serve as signal molecules on surface of microbes
no present in mammals

94
Q

benefits of fever

A 
impedes nutrition (reduced iron)
increases metabolism
stimulates immune
protects physiological processes
inhibits multiplication of temp sensitive microbes
95
Q

edema

A

local swelling

due to accumulation of exudate into tissues

96
Q

complement function

A

consists of over 39 blood proteins

work together to destroy bacteria and viruses

97
Q

platelets

A

sticky cell fragments in circulating blood

NOT whole cells

98
Q

platelet function

A

immunity
blood clotting
inflammation

99
Q

B cells

A

mature in bone marrow sites

production and activities of antibodies

100
Q

T cells

A

mature in thymus

cell-mediated immunity

101
Q

antigen

A

stimulate response by T and B cells
protein or polysaccharide molecules
exposed or released
own antigens don’t evoke own immune system

102
Q

epitope

A

recognized and responded to by lymphocyte

primary signal that molecule is foreign

103
Q

hapten

A

determinant group
too small to elicit an immune response
linked to carrier group, develops immunogenicity

104
Q

superantigens

A

bacterial toxins
potent stimuli for T cells
toxic shock syndrome

105
Q

antigen presenting cells

A

dendritic cells
macrophages
B cells

106
Q

neutralization

A

antibodies fill surface receptors on virus or active site

prevent from attaching normally

107
Q

opsonization

A

coated w/ specific antibodies

readily recognized by phagocytes

108
Q

agglutionation

A

cross-linking cells into large clumps

109
Q

anamnestic response

A

immune exposed again to same immunogen later

quick potent strike against infectious agents

110
Q

Natural killer cells

A

develop from lymphoid stem cells
host-rejection
lack specificity for antigens
first killers at cancer and virus cells

111
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

lead to destruction of infected host cells
direct contact
CD8

112
Q

function of Helper T cells

A

regulating immune reactions to antigens

113
Q

memory T cells

A

CD4 or CD8

always bear receptors for specific receptors

114
Q

active immunity

A

individuals recieves an immune stimulus (antigen)
activates B and T cells
causes body produce antibodies

115
Q

passive immunity

A

individual receives immune substances (antibodies)

produced in body of another human or animal donor

116
Q

artificial immunity

A

protection from infection through medical procedures

immunizations

117
Q

natural immunity

A

any immunity acquired during normal biological experiences

118
Q

natural active immunity

A

measles
mumps
rubella
pneumonia

119
Q

natural passive immunity

A

prenatal and postnatal mother-child relationship

mothers milk

120
Q

artificial active immunity

A

vaccinations

121
Q

artificial passive immunity

A

donor blood

122
Q

whole cell vaccines

A

either killed or attenuated

123
Q

killed vaccines

A 
cultivating desired stain
treating with chemicals, radiation, heat
Hep A
influenza
large dose
124
Q

live attenuated vaccines

A 
manipulating microbial genes
measles
mumps
polio
rubella
125
Q

subunit vaccines

A

selected component of microorganism
produced genetic engineering or synthesized chemically
pneumococcus and meningococcus, Hep B

126
Q

subunit vaccines protect against what

A

diphtheria
tetanus
pertussis

127
Q

adjuvant

A

any compound tha enhances immunogenicity and prolongs antigen retention at injection site

128
Q

interferon

A

inhibits viral replication

combat viral infection and cancer

129
Q

mucinase

A

digest protective coating on mucus membranes

anaerobic

130
Q

keraatinase

A

digests skin and hair
secreted by fungi
causes ringworm

131
Q

hyalurionidase

A

digests hyaluronic acid

132
Q

coagulase

A

clotting of blood or plasma

133
Q

kinases

A

dissolves fibrin clots

invasion of damaged tissues

134
Q

hemolysin

A

destroys red blood cells

135
Q

entotoxin

A

effects the GI tract

136
Q

greatest number of pathogens enter human body

A 
skin
GI tract
Respiratory
Urogenital tract
endogenous
137
Q

Universal precautions

A

proper hand washing
disinfection
sterilization
mucous cleaning

138
Q

components of first line of defense

A

keep microbes from penetrating sterile body components
physical barriers
chemical barriers
genetic barrier

139
Q

ciliary escalator

A

conveys foreign particles

entrapped in mucous

140
Q

function of immune system

A

surveillance of body
recognition of foreign material
destruction of entities deemed to be foreign

Microbiology Unit 2 (6 decks)

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