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AP Psychology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Structuralism

A

Using introspection to discover basic structures of mental processes. School of thought based on Wundt’s work.

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2
Q

William James

A

American psychologist; wrote first psychology textbook and founded functionalist school of thought.

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3
Q

Functionalism

A

William James’ theory that we must focus on the function of mental processes; associated with pragmatism

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4
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Russian researcher in the early 1900s researching learned behavior (conditioning) through dog salivation classical conditioning.

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5
Q

John B. Watson

A

American psychologist promoting behaviorism (study of observable behavior)

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6
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

First American PHD in psych; est. first psych lab at Johns Hopkins University

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7
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

observing and recording behavior in natural situations without manipulating the situation

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8
Q

Survey method

A

gathering information from people using surveys/questionnaires; usually reports a correlation

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9
Q

true experiment

A

proves cause and effect relationships. at least two groups of randomly assigned participants (control, experimental) treated differently to see if it makes a difference in response/results

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10
Q

random assignment

A

unbiased, random assignment of a subject to a group such that subject has an equal chance of being in either group

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11
Q

operational definition

A

quantitative way of defining of a research variable

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12
Q

statistical test

A

conducted to make sure results are because of the manipulated variable and not by chance

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13
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

established first psychology lab in germany; used introspection to observe one’s own response to stimuli

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14
Q

introspection

A

Wundt’s technique for observing cognitive response to stimuli to find structure of mental processes.

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15
Q

Timeline of schools of thought (functionalism, structuralism, behaviorism)

A

structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism

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16
Q

7 perspectives (fingers) of psychology

A

cognitive, social-cultural, psychodynamic, humanistic, biological, behavioral, evolutionary

17
Q

descriptive research

A

gather raw data to use later for analysis (describing behavior)

18
Q

types of descriptive research

A

case study, naturalistic observation, survey

19
Q

case study

A

one person studied in great depth; tells us what can happen and suggests hypotheses for future research. misleading if individuals are atypical cases.

20
Q

survey

A

self reported attitudes or behaviors by questioning a representative random sample. cheap but there is risk of wording effect bias.

21
Q

regression toward the mean

A

extreme/unusual events eventually will fall back toward the average

22
Q

confounding variables

A

variables influencing results other than the ones we manipulated

23
Q

confounding variables are minimized by _____.

A

random assignment

24
Q

random assignment minimizes _____.

A

confounding variabels

25
Q

placebo effect

A

experimental results from expectation alone

26
Q

deception and debriefing

A

participant doesn’t know the true purpose of the study until it’s completed

27
Q

inferential statistics

A

how reliable is sample data and can it be generalized to the general population

28
Q

measures of variation

A

range, std dev

29
Q

skewed distribution

A

lacks symmetry around the mean

30
Q

measures of central tendency

A

mean, median, mode

31
Q

what does +/- 1 SEM contain?

A

middle 68%

32
Q

false consensus effect

A

see one’s own behavior as common and viewing alternative behavior as uncommon/deviant

33
Q

theory

A

accepted explanation for a phenomenon backed up by evidence

34
Q

illusory correlation

A

perceiving a relationship between variables when none exists by overemphasizing one outcome and ignoring the others.

35
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

1st woman to get a psych phd

36
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

1st woman president of APA; researched memory and worked under James

37
Q

Edward Titchner

A

Created structuralism; worked under Wilhelm Wundt

AP Psychology (1 decks)

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