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AP human geo > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Absolute Distance

A

A distance that can be measured with a standard unit of length, such as a mile or a kilometer

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2
Q

Absolute location

A

The exact position of an object or place, measured within spatial coordinates of a grid system

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3
Q

Accessibility

A

The relative ease with which a destination may be reached from some other place

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4
Q

Aggregation

A

To come together into a mass, sum, or whole

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5
Q

Anthropogenic

A

Human-induced changes on the natural environment

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6
Q

Azimuthal Projection

A

A map projection in which the plane is the most developable surface

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7
Q

Breaking Point

A

The outer edge of a city’s sphere of influence, used in the law of retail gravitation to describe the area of a city’s hinterlands that depend on that city for its retail supplies

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8
Q

Cartograms

A

A type of thematic map that transforms a space such that the political unit with the greatest value for some type of data is represented by the largest relative area

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9
Q

Cartography

A

The theory and practice of making visual representations of Earth’s surface in the form of maps

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10
Q

Choropleth Map

A

A thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area

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11
Q

Cognitive Map

A

An image of a portion of Earth’s surface that an individual creates in his or her mind. Cognitive Maps can include knowledge of actual locations and relationships among locations as well as personal perceptions and preferences of particular places.

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12
Q

Complementarity

A

The actual or potential relationship between two places, usually referring to economic interactions

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13
Q

Connectivity

A

The degree of economic, social, cultural, or political connection between` two places

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14
Q

Contagious Diffusion

A

The spread of a disease, an innovation, or cultural traits through direct contact with another person or another place

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15
Q

Coordinate system

A

A standard grid, composed of lines of latitude and longitude, used to determine the absolute location of any object, place, or feature on Earth’s surface

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16
Q

Cultural Ecology

A

Also called Nature-Society Geography, the study of the interactions between societies and the natural environments in which the live

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17
Q

Cultural Landscape

A

The human-modified natural landscape specifically containing the imprint of a particular culture or society

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18
Q

Distance decay effect

A

The decrease in interaction between two phenomena, places, or people as the distance between them increases

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19
Q

Dot maps

A

Thematic maps that use points to show the precise locations of specific observations or occurrences, such as crimes, car accidents, or births

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20
Q

Earth system science

A

A systematic approach to the physical geography that looks at the interaction between Earth’s physical systems and processes on a global scale

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21
Q

Environmental geography

A

The intersection between human and physical geography, which explores the spatial impacts humans have on the physical environment and vice versa

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22
Q

Expansion diffusion

A

The spread of ideas, innovations, fashion, or other phenomena to surrounding areas through contact and exchange

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23
Q

Formal region

A

Definition of regions based on common themes such as similarities in language, climate, land use, etc

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24
Q

Friction of distance

A

A measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between to places

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25
Q

Fuller projection

A

A type of map projection that maintains the accurate size and shape of landmasses but completely rearranges direction such that the four cardinal direction— north, south, east, and west— no longer have any meaning

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26
Q

Functional region

A

Definition of regions based on common interaction (or function), for example, a boundary line drawn around the circulation of a particular newspaper

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27
Q

Geographic Information Systems(GIS)

A

A set of computer tools used to capture, store, transform, analyze, and display geographic data

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28
Q

Geographic scale

A

The scale at which a geographer analyzes a particular phenomenon—for example, global, national, census tract, neighborhood, etc. Generally, the finer the scale of analysis, the richer the level of detail in the findings

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29
Q

Geoid

A

The actual shape of Earth, which is rough and oblate, or slightly squashed. Earth’s diameter is longer around the equator than along the north-south meridians

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30
Q

Global positioning system(GPS)

A

A set of satellites used to help determine location anywhere on Earth’s surface with a portable electronic device

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31
Q

Gravity Model

A

A mathematical formula that describes the level of interaction between two places, based on the size of their populations and their distance from each other

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32
Q

Hierarchical diffusion

A

A type of diffusion in which something is transmitted between places because of a physical or cultural community between those places

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33
Q

Human geography

A

The study of the spatial variation in the patterns and processes related to human activity

34
Q

International date line

A

The line of longitude that marks where each new day begins centered on the 180th meridian

35
Q

Intervening opportunity

A

If one place has a demand for some good or service and two places have a supply of equal price and quality, the supplier closer to the buyer will represent an intervening opportunity, thereby blocking the third from being able to share its supply of goods or services. Intervening opportunities are frequently used because transportation costs usually decrease with proximity

36
Q

Isoline

A

A map line that connects points of equal or very similar values

37
Q

Large scale

A

A relatively small ratio between map units and ground units. Large-scale maps usually have higher resolution and cover much smaller regions than small-scale maps

38
Q

Latitude

A

The angular distance north or south of the equator, defined by lines of latitude or parallels

39
Q

Law of retail gravitation

A

A law stating that people will be drawn to larger cities to conduct their business since larger cities have a wider influence on the surrounding hinterlands

40
Q

Location charts

A

On a map, a chart or graph that gives specific statistical information about a particular political unit or jurisdiction

41
Q

Longitude

A

The angular distance east or west of the Prime Meridian, defined by lines of longitude, or meridians

42
Q

Map projection

A

A mathematical method that involves transferring Earth’s sphere into a flat surface. This term can also be used to describe the types of a map that results from the process of projecting. All map projections have distortions in area, direction, distance, or shape

43
Q

Map scale

A

The ratio between the size of an area on a map and the actual size of that same area on Earth’s surface

44
Q

Mercator projection

A

A true conformal cylindrical map projection, the Mercator projection is particularly useful for navigation since it maintains accurate direction. Mercator projections are famous for their distortion in area that makes land masses at the poles appear oversized

45
Q

Meridian

A

A line of longitude that runs north-south. All lines of longitude are equal in length and intersect at the poles

46
Q

Natural landscape

A

The physical landscape or environment that has not been affected by human activities

47
Q

Parallel

A

An east-west line of latitude that runs parallel to the equator and that marks distance north or south of the equator

48
Q

W.D Pattison

A

Geographer who claimed that geography drew from four distinct traditions: the earth-science tradition, the culture-environment tradition, the locational tradition, and the area-analysis tradition

49
Q

Perceptual region

A

Highly individualized definition of regions based on perceived commonalities in culture and landscape

50
Q

Peters projection

A

An equal-area projection purposely centered on Africa in an attempt to treat all regions of Earth equally

51
Q

Physical geography

A

THe realm of geography that studies the structures, processes, distributions, and changes through time oth the natural phenomena of Earth’s surface

52
Q

Preference map

A

A map that displays individual preferences for certain places

53
Q

Prime meridian

A

An imaginary line passing through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England, that marks the 0 degree line of longitude

54
Q

Projection

A

The system used to transfer locations from Earth’s surface to a flat map

55
Q

Proportional symbols map

A

A thematic map in which the size of a chosen symbol— such as a circle or triangle — indicates the relative magnitude of some statistical value for a given geographic region

56
Q

Ptolemy

A

Roman geographer-astronomer, author of ‘Guide to Geography’, which included maps containing a grid system of latitude and longitude

57
Q

Qualitative data

A

Data associated with a more humanistic approach to geography, often collected through interviews. empirical observations, or the interpretation of texts, artwork, old maps, and other archives

58
Q

Reference map

A

A map type that shows reference information for a particular place, making it useful for finding landmarks and for navigation

59
Q

Region

A

A territory that encompasses many places that share similar physical and/or cultural attributes

60
Q

Regional geography

A

The study of geographic regions

61
Q

Relative distance

A

A measure of distance that includes the costs of overcoming the friction of absolute distance separating two places. Relative distance often describes the amount of social, cultural, or economic connectivity between two places

62
Q

Relative location

A

The position of a place relative to the places around it

63
Q

Relocation diffusion

A

The diffusion of ideas, innovations, behaviors, and so on from one place to another through migration

64
Q

Remote sensing

A

The observation and mathematical measurement of Earth’s surface using aircraft and satellites. The sensors include photographic images, thermal images, multispectral scanners, and radar images

65
Q

Resolution

A

A map’s smallest discernible unit. If, for example, and object has to be one kilometer long in order to show up on a map, that map’s resolution is one kilometer

66
Q

Robinson projection

A

A projection that attempts to balance several possible projection errors. It does not maintain area, shape, distance, or direction completely accurately but it minimizes errors in each

67
Q

Carl Sauer

A

Geographer from the University Of California at Berkeley who defined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental unit of geographical analysis. This landscape results from the interaction between humans and the physical environment, Saurer argued that virtually no landscape has escaped alteration by human activities

68
Q

Sense of place

A

Feelings evoked by people as a result of certain experiences and memories associated with a particular place

69
Q

Site

A

The absolute location of a place, described by local relief, landforms, and other cultural or physical characteristics

70
Q

Situation

A

The relative location of a place in relation to the physical and cultural characteristics of the surrounding area and connections and interdependencies within that system; a place’s spatial context

71
Q

Small scale

A

A map scale ratio in which the ratio of units on the map to units on Earth is quite small. Small- scale maps usually depict large areas

72
Q

Spatial diffusion

A

The ways in which phenomena, such as technological innovations, cultural trends or even outbreaks of disease, travel over space

73
Q

Spatial perspective

A

An intellectual framework that looks at the particular location of a specific phenomenon, how and why that phenomenon is where it is, and, finally, how it is spatially related to phenomena in other places

74
Q

Sustainability

A

The concept of using Earth’s resources in such a way that they provide for people’s needs in the present without diminishing Earth’s ability to provide for future generations

75
Q

Thematic layers

A

Individual maps of specific features that are overlaid on one another in Geographical Information System to understand and analyze a spatial relationship

76
Q

Thematic map

A
77
Q

Thematic Map

A

A type of map that displays one or more variables— such as population or income level — within a specific area

78
Q

Time-space convergence

A

THe idea that distance between some places is actually shrinking as technology enables more rapid communication and increased interaction among those places

79
Q

Topographic maps

A

Maps that use isolines to represent constant elevations. If you took a topographic map out into the field and walked exactly along the path of an isoline on your map, you would always stay at the same elevation

80
Q

Transferability

A

The costs involved in moving goods from one place to another

81
Q

Visualization

A

Use of sophisticated software to create dynamic computer maps, some of which are three dimensional or interactive

AP human geo (1 decks)

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