types of fallacy Flashcards
making a generalization that disregards
exceptions
FALLACY OF ACCIDENT
/DESTROYING THE EXCEPTION
argues from a special case to a general rule
CONVERSE FALLACY OF
ACCIDENT/ REVERSE ACCIDENT
a claim or
argument is rejected on the basis of some irrelevant fact
about the author or the person presenting the claim or
argument.
ARGUMENTUM AD HOMINEM
CREATING
FEAR/THREAT IN PEOPLE DOES NOT CONSTITUTE PROOF/EVIDENCE FOR
A CLAIM.
APPEAL TO FEAR/ AD BACULUM /SCARE TACTICS
PERSON IN QUESTION IS NOT A LEGITIMATE AUTHORITY
ON THE SUBJECT
APPEAL TO AUTHORITY
THE FACT THAT MOST PEOPLE DO X IS USED
AS “EVIDENCE” TO SUPPORT THE ACTION OR PRACTICE.
APPEAL TO COMMON PRACTICE
BURDEN OF PROOF IS PLACED ON THE WRONG SIDE;
BURDEN OF PROOF /AD IGNORANTIAM
draws a conclusion from premises
that do not support that conclusion by assuming Q implies P on
the basis that P implies Q
Affirming the Consequent
draws a conclusion from premises that
do not support that conclusion by assuming Not P implies Not Q
on the basis that P implies Q
Denying the Antecedent
A FALLACY IN WHICH THE PREMISES
INCLUDE THE CLAIM THAT THE
CONCLUSION IS TRUE. liwat liwat lang
BEGGING THE QUESTION
one argues to postpone some
action or policy until some unlikely event or impossible change is achieved.
call to perfection
incorrectly assumes one thing is the cause of another
FALLACY OF FALSE CAUSE or Non Sequitir
A THREAT OF REJECTION BY ONE’S PEERS IS SUBSTITUTED
FOR EVIDENCE IN AN “ARGUMENT.”
the Bandwagon
ASSUMED
THAT THE MIDDLE POSITION
BETWEEN TWO EXTREMES MUST BE
CORRECT SIMPLY BECAUSE IT IS THE
MIDDLE POSITION
THE FALLACY OF MIDDLE GROUND
/GOLDEN-MEAN/FALLACY OF
MODERATION
REASON FROM AN EITHER-OR POSITION AND YOU HAVEN’T CONSIDERED ALL
RELEVANT POSSIBILITIES
FALLACY OF FALSE DILEMMA /BLACK AND WHITE THINKING
FLATTERY IS PRESENTED IN THE
PLACE OF EVIDENCE FOR ACCEPTING A CLAIM, too much flattery
APPEAL TO FLATTERY /APPLE-POLISHING /“COLORFUL” EXPRESSION
COMMITTED WHEN A PERSON ASSUMES THAT ONE EVENT MUST
CAUSE ANOTHER JUST BECAUSE THE EVENTS OCCUR TOGETHER.
confusing cause and effect
TRYING TO DISCREDIT
WHAT A PERSON MIGHT LATER
CLAIM BY PRESENTING
UNFAVORABLE INFORMATION
Poisoning the well
WHEN A PERSON SIMPLY
IGNORES A PERSON’S ACTUAL
POSITION AND SUBSTITUTES A
DISTORTED, EXAGGERATED OR
MISREPRESENTED VERSION OF THAT
POSITION
straw man fallacy
WHEN A PERSON REJECTS A CLAIM BY ASSERTING THAT THE
CLAIM MIGHT BE TRUE FOR OTHERS BUT IS NOT FOR HIM/HER
Subjectivist Fallacy
A PERSON APPLIES STANDARDS, PRINCIPLES, RULES, ETC.
TO OTHERS WHILE TAKING HIMSELF TO BE EXEMPT, WITHOUT PROVIDING ADEQUATE
JUSTIFICATION FOR THE EXEMPTION
special pleading
ASSUMES THAT DRASTIC
CONSEQUENCES WILL FOLLOW A CERTAIN ACTION.
slippery slope fallacy
grouping more than one question in the form of a single question as a trick.
FALLACY OF MANY QUESTIONS (Plurium
Interrogationum)
