types of fallacy Flashcards
making a generalization that disregards
exceptions
FALLACY OF ACCIDENT
/DESTROYING THE EXCEPTION
argues from a special case to a general rule
CONVERSE FALLACY OF
ACCIDENT/ REVERSE ACCIDENT
a claim or
argument is rejected on the basis of some irrelevant fact
about the author or the person presenting the claim or
argument.
ARGUMENTUM AD HOMINEM
CREATING
FEAR/THREAT IN PEOPLE DOES NOT CONSTITUTE PROOF/EVIDENCE FOR
A CLAIM.
APPEAL TO FEAR/ AD BACULUM /SCARE TACTICS
PERSON IN QUESTION IS NOT A LEGITIMATE AUTHORITY
ON THE SUBJECT
APPEAL TO AUTHORITY
THE FACT THAT MOST PEOPLE DO X IS USED
AS “EVIDENCE” TO SUPPORT THE ACTION OR PRACTICE.
APPEAL TO COMMON PRACTICE
BURDEN OF PROOF IS PLACED ON THE WRONG SIDE;
BURDEN OF PROOF /AD IGNORANTIAM
draws a conclusion from premises
that do not support that conclusion by assuming Q implies P on
the basis that P implies Q
Affirming the Consequent
draws a conclusion from premises that
do not support that conclusion by assuming Not P implies Not Q
on the basis that P implies Q
Denying the Antecedent
A FALLACY IN WHICH THE PREMISES
INCLUDE THE CLAIM THAT THE
CONCLUSION IS TRUE. liwat liwat lang
BEGGING THE QUESTION
one argues to postpone some
action or policy until some unlikely event or impossible change is achieved.
call to perfection
incorrectly assumes one thing is the cause of another
FALLACY OF FALSE CAUSE or Non Sequitir
A THREAT OF REJECTION BY ONE’S PEERS IS SUBSTITUTED
FOR EVIDENCE IN AN “ARGUMENT.”
the Bandwagon
ASSUMED
THAT THE MIDDLE POSITION
BETWEEN TWO EXTREMES MUST BE
CORRECT SIMPLY BECAUSE IT IS THE
MIDDLE POSITION
THE FALLACY OF MIDDLE GROUND
/GOLDEN-MEAN/FALLACY OF
MODERATION
REASON FROM AN EITHER-OR POSITION AND YOU HAVEN’T CONSIDERED ALL
RELEVANT POSSIBILITIES
FALLACY OF FALSE DILEMMA /BLACK AND WHITE THINKING
