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QC2 > Turbid and Nephelometry > Flashcards

Turbid and Nephelometry Flashcards

1
Q

Physical phenomenon in which a beam of light
changes its direction of propagation (known as
defection) as a result of interaction with sufficiently
small matter particles

A

LIGHT SCATTERING

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2
Q

Change of angle from propagation (incident light)
to its scattering angle

A

LIGHT SCATTERING

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3
Q

Caused by the particles present in the solution

A

LIGHT SCATTERING

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4
Q

Change in direction is known as

A

deflection

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5
Q

2 types light scattering

A

-elastic
-inelastic

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6
Q

In which the wavelength of the scattered light and
incident light is the same

A

ELASTIC SCATTERING

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7
Q

This is what we are concerned in Turbidity and
Nephelometry.

A

ELASTIC SCATTERING

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8
Q

In which the wavelength of the scattered light and
incident light is different or inequal with one
another

A

INELASTIC SCATTERING

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9
Q

The intensity of the transmitted light is measured
and the attenuation of the intensity of incident
light as a result of scattering is measured at the
direction of incident light (i.e., 0°) and compared to
the intensity of incident light (blank measurement)

A

TURBIDIMETRY

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10
Q

In turbidimetry, The intensity of incident light is

A

attenuated

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11
Q

In turbidimetry, Intensity of incident light ______

A

lowers

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12
Q

turbidimetry measures

A

intensity of transmitted light
attenuation of the intensity of incident light

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13
Q

Turbidimetry is the indirect measurement of the scattering effect of
the suspended particles and is referred to as
_____________

A

turbidance

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14
Q

In turbidimetry, it is important to ensure that the material (analyte)
being measured _____________ (does not absorb/absorb) light at the
measurement wavelength

A

does not absorb

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15
Q

In turbidimetry, The attenuation (lowering) of intensity is
due to the ______________, and not due to
the absorption.

A

scattering of light

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16
Q

If our suspension is highly turbid, we may
measure it with __________

A

turbidity.

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17
Q

measures low turbid solutions.

A

Nephelometry,

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18
Q

A measure of the decrease
of transmitted incident light beam intensity as a
result of the light-scattering effect of suspended
particles.

A

Turbidance

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19
Q

Measures the decrease in the intensity of
the incident light.

A

Turbidance

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20
Q

In turbidimetric
measurements, turbidity is the measure of the
_____________ in_________ length of a
given suspension.

A

decrease in incident beam intensity/unit

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21
Q

Measures the decrease in the transparency
of the liquid.

A

Turbidity

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22
Q

Turbidance and Turbidity are both caused by

A

suspended particles.

23
Q

Turbidimetry measures the

A

the transmitted light

24
Q

Nephelometry, measures the

A

scattered light detected at 90°

25
Q

Measures the intensity of the scattered light at a
90° angle from the propagation direction of the
incident light is measured

A

NEPHELOMETRY

26
Q

Nephelometry is the (direct/indirect) measurement of the scattering effect of
suspended matter

A

direct

27
Q

More reliable in low turbidity ranges

A

Nephelometry

28
Q

When the turbidity is measured using a
nephelometer, the units of turbidity are called

A

nephelometric turbidity units (NTUs)

29
Q

nephelometric turbidity units (NTUs) are based on the turbidity generated by primary
___________ standard

A

formazin

30
Q

a suspension made by
mixing solutions of hydrazine sulfate and
hexamethylenetetramine in water

A

formazin standard

31
Q

Other recognized units of nephelometry are

A

-formazin turbidity (FTU)
-the formazin nephelometric unit (FNU)

32
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING LIGHT SCATTERING

A

● Concentration of scattering particles suspended in
the medium
● Size distribution of scattering particles
● Shape, orientation, and surface condition of the
scattering particles
● Refractive index of the scattering particles
● Refractive index of the suspension medium
● Wavelength of the light source employed

33
Q

APPLICATIONS

A

-Concentration determination of solutions and/or
suspensions
-Measurement of the degree of turbidity
-Determination of weight-average molecular weight
and dimensions of polydisperse systems
-Measurement of immunoassay’s reaction kinetics
or kinetics of immunoprecipitations (application of
rate nephelometry)
-Monitoring of cell and bacteria growth
-Particle size distribution determination

34
Q

how fast is the reaction kinetics; formation of turbidity against time

A

Rate nephelometry

35
Q

associate to
antigen-antibody complexes, or their
agglutination reaction

A

Immunoprecipitations

36
Q

Widely used for vaccine components assays
and/or quantitation of components in blood serum

A

RATE NEPHELOMETRY

37
Q

Used for host cell protein qualification in
recombinant biopharmaceuticals

A

RATE NEPHELOMETRY

38
Q

Used to calculate the amount of antigen (Ag) or
antibody (Ab) responsible for the immunological
Ab-Ag precipitation reaction or agglutination reaction

A

RATE NEPHELOMETRY

39
Q

Used in “particle-enhanced immunoassay” where
antigens under consideration are linked covalently or
absorbed to polymeric microspheres to increase the
scattering efficiency.

A

RATE NEPHELOMETRY

40
Q

When antigens would cause very small
intensity (due to the low intensity of the
scattering of light), you can combine it with

A

polymeric microspheres

41
Q

RATE NEPHELOMETRY Can determine concentration of antigen or
antibody component based on the formation of

A

precipitate.

42
Q

Combines the technology of 90° nephelometry
and turbidimetry

A

Ratio turbidimeter

43
Q

Also measures light transmitted directly
through the sample

A

Ratio turbidimeter

44
Q

The benefit of using a ratio turbidimetric
system is

A

the measurement of stray
light becomes negligible

45
Q

Used in determination of turbidity of colored
suspensions

A

Ratio turbidimeter

46
Q

light source of ratio turbidimeter

A

tungsten lamp or infrared light emitting diode for eliminating the color effect

47
Q

Ratio turbidimeter light source for for colored
suspensions

A

Tungsten lamp

48
Q

Ratio turbidimeter light source used to
eliminate the effect of the colors

A

Infrared light-emitting diode

49
Q

The of detectors are

A

silicon diodes and
photomultipliers

50
Q

Nephelometry instrument wherein there is significant improvement in
signal-to-noise ratio at very low detection
levels

A

Laser Nephelometry

51
Q

Higher intensity of light →

A

improve
signal-to-noise ratio,

52
Q

The high power density of the laser beam
gives rise to the _________ scattered intensity
from smaller particles

A

higher

53
Q
A

QC2 (6 decks)

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