TTM

Question 1

Who were the 2 people involved with this model?

Answer 1

Prochaska and Diclemente

Question 2

Prochaska and Diclemente stated that a single approach would work, what did they suggest instead?

Answer 2

That behaviour change Is Complex but it unfolds in a Stable Sequence of Stages.

Question 3

What influence did Freud have on the model?

Answer 3

Defence Mechanisms

Question 4

What influence did Carl Rogers have on the model?

Answer 4

Self efficacy and self esteem

Question 5

What influence did Skinner have on the model?

Answer 5

Conditioning, Counter Conditioning, Social Learning Theory

Question 6

What is decisional balance?

Answer 6

It predicts whether change will occur.

Question 7

What is Self Efficacy?

Answer 7

The person’s confidence that they can make changes and that they can manage temptations.

Question 8

What are the 6 stages of the TTM?

Answer 8

1. Pre contemplation, 2. Contemplation, 3. Planning/Preparation, 4. Action or termination, 5. Maintenance, 6. Relapse.

Question 9

Describe Pre-contemplation…

Answer 9

The person has no intention of changing the behaviour.

Question 10

Describe Contemplation…

Answer 10

The person expresses an intention to take action within usually six months.

Question 11

Describe Preparation…

Answer 11

The person intends to take action in the immediate future (commonly defined as 30 days). They typically have a plan of action.

Question 12

Describe the action stage…

Answer 12

The person has made specified changes to their life style in the past six months.

Question 13

Describe maintenance…

Answer 13

The person works hard to prevent relapse. Confidence increases that they can maintain a new lifestyle.

Question 14

Describe termination…

Answer 14

The unhealthy behaviour has stopped. They are no longer tempted.

Question 15

What did Prochaska et al (1994) say about decisional balance?

Answer 15

“the balance between perceived pros and cons should vary across the stages of change: people in precontemplation will judge the pros to outweigh the cons or the behaviour, while the reverse will hold for those in maintenance”

Question 16

What is Godin et al 2004 ‘s criticism of the TTM?

Answer 16

Past behaviour has been subsequently found to be a powerful predictor of future behaviour change efforts.

Question 17

What is Budd and Rollnick (1996) ‘s criticism of the TTM?

Answer 17

They suggested that a sample may not fit easily into the five discrete stages – the stages may be continuous rather than discrete.

Question 18

What did Marks et al (2000) suggest about the TTM?

Answer 18

That the model does not address the social aspects of much health behaviour.

Question 19

What did West say about the TTM?

Answer 19

Classifying individuals in stages assumes that individuals typically make coherent and stable plans – some people just stop!

Question 20

What are the 10 processes of change in relation to smoking?

Answer 20

1. Consciousness Raising [Increasing awareness]
   I recall information people had given me on how to stop smoking
2. Dramatic Relief [Emotional arousal]
   I react emotionally to warnings about smoking cigarettes
3. Environmental Reevaluation [Social reappraisal]
   I consider the view that smoking can be harmful to the environment
4. Social Liberation [Environmental opportunities]
   I find society changing in ways that make it easier for the nonsmoker
5. Self Reevaluation [Self reappraisal]
   My dependency on cigarettes makes me feel disappointed in myself
   II. Processes of Change: Behavioral
6. Stimulus Control [Re-engineering]
   I remove things from my home that remind me of smoking
7. Helping Relationship [Supporting]
   I have someone who listens when I need to talk about my smoking
8. Counter Conditioning [Substituting]
   I find that doing other things with my hands is a good substitute for smoking
9. Reinforcement Management [Rewarding]
   I reward myself when I don’t smoke
10. Self Liberation [Committing]
    I make commitments not to smoke