Translation Flashcards

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1
Q

How many different types of Amino acids are there?

A

20 (22)

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2
Q

What are the stop codons?

A

UAA, UAG and UGA

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3
Q

What is the codon for Methionine? What aspect of Methionine differs between the normal amino acid and the initiator?

A

AUG

The normal Met-tNA differs from the initiator Met-tRNA

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4
Q

How is translation initiated?

A

Initiation factors bind to the small subunit of the ribosome and travels along the mRNA until the initiating AUG codon is encountered. Once encountered the large subunit of the ribosome attaches.

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5
Q

What is the start codon in Bacteria?

A

N-formylmethionine.

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6
Q

Give the schematic of translation

A
  1. The small subunit along with the initiating factors bound to it, moves along the mRNA stand from the 5’ UTR.
  2. Once it encounters the initiating AUG codon, the large subunit attaches.
  3. Additional ribosomes can add to the mRNA. As a result there is more than one ribosome in different stages of translation on one mRNA molecule. This is known as a polysome.
  4. Once it reaches the stop codon, the ribosome dissociates and the mRNA protein is released.
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7
Q

What helps ensure the AUG is the initiating AUG?

A

The context - i.e. the nucleotides around it

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8
Q

What enzyme is used to break up the mRNA molecule in which a premature stop codon? What is the process known as?

A

RNAses

Nonsense mediated decay

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9
Q

What is the family of enzymes that attaches an amino acid to tRNA molecules?

A

Aminoacyl tRNA syntheses

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10
Q

In which position is the anticodon found on a tRNA molecule?

A

The bottom of the anticodon loop?

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11
Q

Why are 61 different synthetases needed?

A

Anticodons on tRNA molecules can recognise codons even if they do not pair using complementary base pairing rules. Wobble decrease the number of RNA molecules and sythetases that are required for protein synthesis.

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12
Q

How many sites are there on a ribosome?

A
3: A site (aminoacyl tRNA site)
P site (Peptidyl site)
E Site (Exit site)
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13
Q

What site does the tRNA molecule first enter? What does it do after that?

A

A site. The amino acid of the tRNA molecule in the A site forms a peptide bond with the amino acid sequence of the tRNA molecule in the P site. As a result, this means the tRNA molecule in the P site has no amino acids and the length of amino acids, now on the tRNA molecule of the A site, has increased by one. The ribosome moves up one codon. The E site is now held by the empty tRNA site. The P site now hold the chain of amino acids and the A site is empty. The tRNA molecule in the E site exits and the whole thing happened again until the stop codon is reached.

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14
Q

How does termination occur?

A

When the stop codon is reached, releasing factors bind. The polypeptide chain is released from the ribosome and the ribosome dissociates.

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15
Q

How do ribosomes in eukaryotes compare to those in prokaryotes? What is the unit?

A

Eukaryotes: 80S Ribosome. Made up of a 60S unit and a 40S unit.
Prokaryotes: 70S ribosomes made up of a 50S unit and a 30S unit.
The unit is the rate of sedimentation when under centrifugal force.

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16
Q

What is the symbiotic theory?

A

Mitochondrion were once their own prokaryotic organism and were engulfed by a eukaryote. This is as the ribosomes in mitochondria are of a similar size and function to those in bacteria.

17
Q

What are the implications of the symbiotic theory?

A

Some drugs that target ribosomes in bacteria may also effect mitochondria in healthy cells.