transitive and intransitive verbs, factitive verbs and some uses of the acc

Question 1

1. when may intransitive verbs become transitive?
   a) when is this especially the case?
   b) when is this less frequently the case?

Answer 1

1. when compounded with prepositions
   a) especially with circum, praeter, trans
   b) less frequently with ad, in, ob, per, sub

Question 2

what’s special about verbs compounded with trans? Give a sentence to illustrate

Answer 2

they often take two accs; one the object of the verb, the other depending on the preposition.
Caesar equites flumen transiecit
Caesar threw his cavalry across the river

Question 3

what are factitive verbs?

Answer 3

Verbs of making, saying, thinking, choosing, showing

Question 4

what’s special about factitive verbs? give a sentence to illustrate

Answer 4

they have a second acc (predicative) in agreement with the object
Socrates totius se mundi civem arbitrabatur
Socrates considered himself a citizen of the whole world

Question 5

which other sorts of verbs take two accs? what accs are these?

Answer 5

Some verbs of teaching, asking, concealing take two accs: one of the person, one of the thing

Question 6

how do quaero and peto work in terms of their case usage?

Answer 6

they take the abl of the person with a or ab and acc of the thing

Question 7

give two intransitive verbs which express feeling

Answer 7

horrent (=they shudder) and tremunt (they tremble)

Question 8

explain the case usage of intransitive verbs which express feeling. Give a sentence to illustrate

Answer 8

intransitive verbs which express feeling sometimes take an acc of the object which excites the feeling:
virgas ac secures dictatoris horrent et tremunt
they shudder and tremble at the rods and axes of the dictator

Question 9

what case is used in exclamations? give two examples

Answer 9

an acc noun (or pronoun), generally accompanied by an adj, is used in exclamations, with or without an interjection:

1. me miserum!
2. O fragilem fortunam!

Question 10

1. how can some pass verbs in poetry take an acc?

2. give 3 of these verbs and give a sentence as an example

Answer 10

1. when used semi-reflexively
2. such verbs are induor (I dress myself), exuor (I undress myself), cingor (I gird myself)
   inutile ferrum cingitur
   He girds on the useless steel

Question 11

to what is this construction (pass verbs in poet taking an acc) analogous?

Answer 11

this construction is analogous to that of the Greek middle voice; and the acc is a direct object, not an acc of respect

Question 12

what is the acc of respect used with? give two examples

Answer 12

verbs and adjs

1. tremit artus he trembles in his limbs
2. nudae lacertos bare as to the arms

Question 13

give 6 adverbial accusatives

Answer 13

1. multum = much
2. aliquid = in some degree
3. quid? = to what extent?
4. cetera = in other respects
5. id temporis = at that time
6. maximam partem = for the most part

Question 14

how are neuter adjectives and pronouns used in the acc by poets? give two examples

Answer 14

as adverbs

1. dulce ridere = to smile sweetly
2. lucidum fulgere = to shine brightly

Question 15

how do poets use pugno and certo (=I strive, contend) as opposed to prose writers?

Answer 15

the poets use pugno and certo with a dative, whereas prose writers use an ablative with cum

Question 16

when are intransitive verbs used in the passive? give two examples

Answer 16

intransitive verbs are used in the passive only in an impersonal construction:

1. tibi parcitur = you are pardoned
2. mihi imperatum est = I was commanded

Question 17

when is the dative of the agent used instead of the ablative of agent with a? give an example

Answer 17

the dative of the agent is often used with the gerundive, and occasionally with pass ptcps and adjectives in -bilis, instead of the abl of agent with a:
ut tibi ambulandum, sic mihi dormiendum est
as you have to walk, I have to sleep.