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BMAT BIOLOGY > TOPIC 9: ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY > Flashcards

TOPIC 9: ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

Different types of respiration

A

aerobic and anaerobic

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2
Q

Site of respiration

A

Mitochondria

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3
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Oxygen+glucose-> carbon dioxide + water
Large amount of ATP
Mitochondria

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4
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Cytoplasm
Little ATP produced
Glucose -> lactic acid (human)
Glucose -> carbon dioxide + ethanol (yeast)

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5
Q

Nervous system consists of

A

CNS (brain and spinal cord) + Peripheral system (all the nerves in the body)

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6
Q

Types of neuron

A

Sensory (carries impulse from stimulus to CNS)
Relay (connects sensory to motor neurone)
Motor neurone (carried impulse from relay to effector)

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7
Q

Reflex arc

A

Stimulus-> receptor-> sensory-> relay-> motor-> effector-> response

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8
Q

Features of gas exchange

A

Large surface area, thin walls, good blood supply, good ventilation

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9
Q

Structure of respiratory system

A

Trachea, bronchi, alveoli, lungs, ribs, diaphragm, intercostal muscle, bronchiole

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10
Q

Inhaling

A

1) external intercostal muscle contract
2) ribcage moves up and out
3) diaphragm contracts and flattens
4) volume of thorax increases
5) pressure decreases

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11
Q

Exhaling

A

1) internal intercostal muscle contract
2) ribcage moves down and in
3) diaphragm relaxes and takes a doom shape
4) volume of thorax decreases
5) pressure increases

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12
Q

Ventilation

A

The movement of air in and out of the lungs

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13
Q

Respiration

A

Occurs in the cell

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14
Q

Gas exchange

A

The diffusion of carbon dioxide out of the alveoli and the diffusion of oxygen in the cell

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15
Q

Surface Area to volume ratio

A

As the cell grows the SA:V decreases, which decreases the rate at which the materials are diffused and out of the cell (the cell will eventually die if the SAV continues to decrease)

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16
Q

Types of circulatory system

A

Double (mammals — blood goes through the heart twice) and single (fish— blood goes through the heart once)

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17
Q

Types of blood vessels

A

Arteries, veins and capillaries

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18
Q

Arteries

A

Carries blood away from the heart, thick muscular elastic walls that withstand high pressure blood, small lumen, no valves, speed of flow is fast

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19
Q

Veins

A

Carries blood towards the heart, thin walls, large lumen, speed of flow is slow, valves to prevent back flow of blood, low pressure blood is carried

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20
Q

Capillaries

A

Exchange of materials (diffusion), no valves, thin walls, low pressure, speed of flow is slow

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21
Q

Blood vessels and liver

A

The hepatic artery brings oxygenated blood from the heart to the liver
The hepatic vein brings deoxygenated blood from the liver back to the heart
The hepatic portal vein transports deoxygenated blood from the gut to the liver

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22
Q

Structure of heart

A

2 atrium (right and left), 2 ventricles (right and left), the left ventricle is thicker because it has to carry blood towards the whole body, 4 valves (atrioventricular and semi-lunar), septum prevents the mixing of the blood

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23
Q

Pathway of blood through the heart

A

1) deoxygenated blood from the vena cava-> right atrium->right ventricle->pulmonary artery
2) oxygenated blood from pulmonary vein-> left atrium-> left ventricle->aorto

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24
Q

Composition of blood and function of each

A

Plasma (carries hormones, ions), platelets (blood clotting) white blood cells (create antibodies) red blood cells (carries oxygen)

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25
Q

Blood clotting

A

Fibrinogen is converted into fibrin, creates mesh which traps red blood cells

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26
Q

Peristalsis

A

A wave of muscle contraction to push food
Site: œsophagus + small intestine

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27
Q

Pathway of digestive system

A

1) mouth, salivary glands (amylase breaks down starch into glucose)
2) oesophagus (connects mouth to the stomach)
3) stomach (pepsin, HCl, ph 2, kills bacteria, breaks down proteins into amino acids)

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28
Q

causes of Type I diabetes

A

the body attacks and destroys cells from pancreas which makes insulin

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29
Q

Site and function of enzymes in digestive system

A

salivary glands: amylase (ph 6-7)
stomach: pepsin (pH 2)
pancreas: lipase, protease, amylase
small intestine: trypsin, amylase, lipase

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30
Q

function of liver

A

production of bile

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31
Q

function of gall bladder

A

where is bile stored

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32
Q

Function of large intestine

A

absorbs excess water

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33
Q

Function of small intestine

A

site of absorption + water absorption

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34
Q

Absorption definition

A

the movement of small food molecules and ions through the wall of the intestine into the blood

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35
Q

Egestion definition

A

the passing out of food that has not been digested or absorbed, as faeces, through the anus

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36
Q

Function of kidney

A

water regulation + excretion of waste products

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37
Q

The 4 Processes that happen in the nephrons

A

1) Ultra-filtration
2) Selective Reabsorption
3) Loop of Henle
4) Collecting Duct

38
Q

Ultrafiltration

A
  • blood (renal artery) enters the Bowman’s capsule at high pressure and filters out water, salts, urea and glucose (no proteins)
39
Q

Selective Reabsorption

A

1) glucose is absorbed into the blood through active transport in the proximate convoluted tubule (energy is needed)
2) water are absorbed into the blood through osmosis in the Loop of Henle + salts are absorbed through diffusion

40
Q

Collecting Duct

A

the remaining substances (water+ salts+urea) forms urine, travel down the collecting duct to the ureter→bladder→urethra

41
Q

Diabetes and Urine

A
  • since diabetic people cannot control their blood glucose levels, they often have high concentration of glucose in their urine
42
Q

Where is the ADH released from

A

pituitary gland

43
Q

The Role of ADH

A

controls the water content in the blood

44
Q

If the water content in the blood is too high…

A
  • less ADH is released
  • less water is reabsorbed
  • more dilute urine (less urea)
45
Q

If the water content in the blood is too low…

A
  • more ADH is released
  • more water is absorbed
  • less dilute urine (more urea)
46
Q

Factors that affect the water content in urine

A

temperature, exercise and water intake

47
Q

Effect of temperature on urine/ADH release

A
  • increase in temperature, more ADH, more urea
  • decrease in temperature, less ADH, less urea
48
Q

Effect of water intake

A
  • increase in water intake, less ADH, less urea
  • decrease in water intake, more ADH, more urea
49
Q

homeostasis definition

A

the maintenance of a constant internal environment (within set limits)

50
Q

Factors that affect homeostasis

A

external (ex:temperature) and internal factors (glucose blood concentration) can affect homeostasis

51
Q

Adrenaline site of secretion

A

adrenal glands

52
Q

Role of adrenaline

A

prepares body for fight or flight

53
Q

Effects of adrenaline

A
  • increase in heart rate
  • increase in breathing rate
  • dilution of pupils
  • increase in blood glucose concentration
  • more blood flowing towards muscle cells
54
Q

Site of secretion of insulin

A

pancreas

55
Q

Effects of insulin

A

decrease blood glucose concentration

56
Q

Testosterone: site of secretion

A

testes

57
Q

Effects of testosterone

A

the developement of secondary sexual characteristics

58
Q

Oestrogen: site of secretion

A

ovaries

59
Q

Effects of oestrogen

A

the development of secondary sexual characteristics + stimulates growth and repair of the lining of the uterus

60
Q

Nervous system vs Endocrine system

A

nervous system: fast, short-term effect, electrical impulse, CNS and PNS
endocrine system: slow, long-term effect, hormones, glands

61
Q

Blood glucose concentration (process)

A

high: insulin is secreted, stores excess glucose as glycogen, blood glucose falls
low: glucagon is secreted, breaks down glycogen into glucose, blood glucose rises

62
Q

Diabetes Type I

A
  • body is unable to produce insulin (the body attacks and destroys the insulin secreting cells in the pancreas)
  • happens in younger people
  • injections of insulin (treatment)
63
Q

Diabetes Type II

A
  • body has become resistant to insulin
  • happens to older people
  • balanced diet + exercise (treatment)
64
Q

Example of negative feedback

A

sweating, shivering and thyroxine

65
Q

Regulating a decrease in temperature in the body

A

Shivery → vasoconstriction → hairs on the skin erect → increase in body temperature

66
Q

Regulating an increase in temperature in the body

A

sweating → vasodilation → hairs lie flat on the skin → decrease in body temperature

67
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

the blood vessels become smaller (constrict) because the blood flow decreases when we are cold

68
Q

Vasodilation

A

the blood vessels get larger (dilate) because the blood flow increases when we are hot

69
Q

hormone (definition)

A

chemical substance that is produced by a gland and is carried in the blood

70
Q

thyroxine

A
  • produced by thyroid gland
  • increases basal metabolic reactions
  • stimulated by TSH, which is produced in the pituitary gland
71
Q

The 4 hormones involved in the menstrual cycle

A

FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone

72
Q

Functions of the 4 hormones in the menstrual cycle

A

FSH: stimulates the production of a follicle
LH: stimulates ovulation
Oestrogen: stimulates the repair and growth of the lining of the uterus
Progesterone: stimulates the maintaining of the lining of the uterus

73
Q

contraception methods

A

Condom, pill, IUD, abstinence, skin patch, femidom, diaphragm, vasectomy, female sterilisation

74
Q

What are the hormones involved in IUD

A

progesterone: prevents the maturation and release of an egg

75
Q

What are the hormones involved in the pill

A

oestrogen and progesterone

76
Q

What are the hormones involved in the skin patch

A

progesterone

77
Q

communicable diseases

A

an illness caused by an infectious agent that can be spread from one person to the next

78
Q

Causes of communicable diseases

A

viruses, bacteria, fungi, proctitist

79
Q

The 2 types of white blood cells

A

lymphocytes and phagocytes

80
Q

The production of antibodies

A

1) pathogens have antigens that are specific to them
2) lymphocytes will produce antibodies which are specific to them
3) antibodies lock on the antigens and destroy them
4) memory cells are created

81
Q

Vaccination

A

injecting a dead or inactive pathogen into the body to trigger the production of antibodies and memory cells

82
Q

How is HIV spread

A

sharing of needles, bodily fluids, through the placenta and breast-feeding

83
Q

Effect of HIV

A

it will inhibit (stop) the production of white blood cells, which leads to a weaker immune system, which can result into AIDS

84
Q

Influenza (spread+treatment)

A

spread of airborne droplet (ex:sneezing)
vaccine

85
Q

Measles (spread+treatment)

A

direct contact
vaccine

86
Q

Salmonella

A

food contaminated with bacteria
antibiotics

87
Q

Roles of antibiotics

A
  • they inhibit the growth of bacteria
  • they ineffective towards viruses
88
Q

Antibiotics cons/important things to remember

A
  • Resistant to the antibiotic bacteria reproduce → antibiotic is ineffective
  • Avoid the overuse of antibiotics
  • Patients need to finish their course
89
Q

What are the 3 main steps towards the development

A

1) Pre-clinical testing (the drugs is tested in cells in lab)
2) Whole organism testing (the drug is tested in animals)
3) Clinical trials (the drug is tested on human volunteers that are not sick, then with sick patients)

90
Q

Cardiovascular Treatments

A

Statins (reduce the amount of cholesterol made), anticoagulants (prevents blood clots from forming), Anti-Hypertensive drugs, Stents, bypass surgery, Angioplasty, Reduce smoking, Balanced diet, More exercise, Aspirin (it thins the blood)

91
Q

Causes of cardiovascular diseases

A

smoking, genetics, lack of exercise, unbalanced diet (too much cholesterol)

BMAT BIOLOGY (10 decks)

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