Tobira Chapter 2 Grammar とびら第二課文法 Flashcards
<p>You have to; you must; you should
(There are times in Japanese when you have to change the way you speak based on the partner you're talking to.)</p>
<p>Vない～なければいけない
（日本語は〜話す相手によって話し方を変えなければいけないことがあります。）</p>
<p>I have to; I must; I should
| All citizens have to pay taxes.
(I've got to go to the post office, so just wait here.)</p>
<p>Vない～なければならない
（国民はみんな税金（ぜいきん）を払わなければなりません。）
（郵便局に行って来なくちゃなんないから、ちょっとここで待ってて。）</p>
<p>Others, others and among others.
Indicates that the given list is not exhaustive
(Among Japanese foods, I like sushi, tempura and others.)</p>
<p>N1やN2など
（日本の食べ物の中では、寿司やてんぷらなどがす好きです。）
（）
N1, N2, among others.-- など indicates a list is not exhaustive. When 2+ items listed they are separated by や。 N1/N2 can be words or phrases.</p>
<p>Others, among others such as...
(This semester I am taking classes such as Japanese and Asian history.)</p>
<p>N1 や N2 など （の／、）N3
(今学期は日本語やアジアの歴史などのクラスを取っています。)
など indicates a list is not exhaustive. When 2+ items listed they are separated by や。 N1/N2 can be words or phrases.</p>
<p>X is one of the ⋯
(Kanji is one of the most important things in the study of Japanese.)
(Mozart is one of the most famous composers.)</p>
<p>の一つです。
NはNP {一つ／一人）だ。
（漢字は日本語の勉強で最も大切なものの一つです。）
（モーツアルトは、最も人気がある差客か（さきゃくか=composer)の一人だ。）</p>
<p>for; to
(Who is the most important person to you?)</p>
<p>Nにとって
（あなたにとって、一番大切な人は誰ですか。）
This means "to X; for X" in a context where something (or someone) is important/useful/good/necessary/difficult etc. to X. X is usually a person, geographic unit or organization.</p>
<p>instead of....
(Use a pencil instead of a pen to write, please.)
(Because mom is ill, I'll be making dinner instead.)</p>
<p>Nの代わりに
(ペンの代わりに鉛筆（えんぴつ）を使って書いてください。)
(母が病気だったので、（母の）代わりに私が晩ご飯を作ります。)
is used to present something/someone that is replacing or has replaced something/someone.</p>
<p>in order to, for the purpose of; more formal than から and ので。
(Father works his hardest for the sake of his family.)
(Because my computer broke, I didn't write my report.)</p>
<p>N/non-past,plain V (のために)
indicates either purpose or reason/cause,
(父は家族のためにいっしょうけんめい働いている。)
(コンピュータが壊れたために、レポートが書きませんでした。)</p>
in order to, for the purpose of; more formal than から and ので with いadjective.
-Due to Tom being good at Japanese, he is sometimes asked to be an interpreter.
<p>~(i) adjective のため（に）indicates cause or reason. It is more formal that から and ので。</p>
-ムさんは日本語が上手なため、ときどき通訳（つうやく=interpreter) を頼まれる（たのまれる）。
either A or B; whether A or B
- I haven’t decided yet whether to take a bullet train or a plane from Tokyo to Kyushu.
- Do you remember whether (the food at) that store was delicious or bad?
～か～か
―東京から九州まで新幹線で行くか飛行機で行くか、まだ決めていないんです。
-その店がおいしかったかまずかったか覚えていますか。
Elicits the hearer’s confirmation with rising intonation. (Polite, feminine & formal)
- Tom, you studied hard yesterday, so today’s Japanese exam was easy for you.
- Did you see the movie? I saw it last week too. It must have been really good.
～でしょis the shortened version of ~でしょう which with a rising intonation is used to elicit the hearer’s confirmation; with a falling intonation indicates conjecture. Women traditionally use でしょう （the polite version of だろう）
―トムさんは昨日よく勉強していたから、今日の日本語の試験、簡単だったでしょ。
ー田中さんもあの映画、見たんですか？私も先週見たんですよ。とってもよかったでしょう。
Elicits the hearer’s confirmation with rising intonation. (Informal/masculine)
- They’ll be at the concert tomorrow, together.
- This cake will be delicious.
～だろうwith a rising intonation is used to elicit the hearer’s confirmation; with a falling intonation indicates conjecture. Men use だろう, which is the informal of でしょう。In casual conversation the final う tends to drop.
―明日のコンサート、一緒に行くだろう。
―このケーキ、美味しいだろう。
(something) is observed; (one) can observe/see
- This is a mistake that can often be observed among first year students.
- Recently, we have seen a change in the use of language among young people.
Nが見られる。
uses the passive form of 見る which is “be observed,” and also “can observe/see.”
Directly means: (something) is observed; (one) can see/observe
～これは、１年生の学生によく見られる間違いです。
～最近, 若い人の間で言葉の使い方に変化が見られる。
come to be able to; indicates a gradual change over a period of time.
~When I started going to the gym, I started getting up early every morning.
~My father has been drinking since he got sick.
V.plain.nonpast.(often volitional form, as here) ようになる。indicates a gradual change over a period of time; it means someone/thing comes to the point where he/she does (or can do) something or does not (or cannot do) something.
～スポーツジムに行くようになってから、毎朝、早く起きるようになりました。
～父は病気になってから、お酒を飲むようになった。
again, once again, also, additionally
～Shikoku was a very nice place and I think would like to go there again. ～I overslept again and was late for class again.
また
～四国はとてもいい所だったから、また行きたいと思います。
～また朝寝坊してまって、また授業に遅れた。
