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Body Log > Tissues and organs > Flashcards

Tissues and organs Flashcards

1
Q

define tissue

A

collection of cells that are adapted to perform a specific function

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2
Q

define organ

A

Two or more tissues combined to create a structural unit that has a particular function

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3
Q

describe how cells are held together at the molecular level (lateral surface)

A

Tight junctions
- Relative long cell-to-cell fusion point
- Role to prevent movement of larger
molecules through the outer layer/lumen
into the deeper tissue layers of the organ

Adherens junctions
- Formed from intracellular actin filaments
- Linked to E-cadherin proteins that cross the intercellular space
- Functions as tissue stabilising factor and additional transport barrier

Desmosome
- Found in tissues that experience intense mechanical stress
- Cytokeratin fibres intracellularly, E-cadherins intercellularly (spring-like)
- Role to provide mechanical strength and prevent tissue destruction

Gap Junctions
- Consist of cylinders of proteins (connexins) arranged in hexagonal pattern that open and close (ATP)
Function - to quickly communicate changes in intercellular molecular composition e.g. electrolyte and energy changes
- Allows free movement of small molecules from one cell to another

Cell adhesion molecules

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4
Q

how are cells held together at a molecular level (list)

A
  • tight junctions
  • adherens junction
  • desmosomes
  • gap junctions
  • cell adhesion molecules
  • hemi-desmosomes
  • focal adhesions
  • integrins
  • proteoglycan
  • cell adhesion molecules
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5
Q

describe how cells are held together at the molecular level (basal surface)

A

Hemi-desmosome
- Attach to layer of extracellular matrix

Focal adhesions
- Uses intracellular actin filaments
Integrins
Proteoglycans
Cell adhesion molecules

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6
Q

Structure of urinary mucosae

A
  • Corpuscle lining: squamous
  • Lining of collecting ducts: cuboidal
  • bladder: transitional epithelium (urothelium)
  • urethra: squamous then keratinised squamous
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7
Q

Structure of respiratory mucosae

A

Mucosa: many cells deep, cilia
- Thin lamina propria
- No longitudinal muscularis mucosa
Submucosa: connective tissue layer contains mainly collagen and elastin fibres and many fibroblasts
contains seromucous glands –
- produces watery mucus that thickens during infection

C-shaped Hyaline cartilage made of:
• perichondrium that has fibroblasts that lay down collagen fibres
• chrondrogenic layer, from which cartilage is formed.

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8
Q

Structure of oesophagus

A
  1. Epithelium – stratified squamous non-keratinised (withstands abrasion)
  2. Submucosa - subtending layer of connective tissue containing mucus-secreting glands (joins mucosa to muscularis externa)
  3. Muscularis externa – smooth muscle layers (returns organ to original dimensions)
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9
Q

Structure of stomach

A
  1. Gastric mucosa secretes acid, digestive enzymes and gastrin
  2. muscularis mucosae
  3. Sub-mucosa
  4. Muscularis externa (3 layers - oblique, circular, longitudinal - of smooth muscle in stomach)
  5. Rugae: folds of gastric mucosa forming longitudinal ridges
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10
Q

Structure of Jejunum

A
  1. Jejunal mucosa: simple columnar epithelium + lamina propria + MM)
  2. Muscularis mucosae
  3. Submucosa
  4. Muscularis externa (2 layers)
  5. Plicae circulares: circular folds of mucosa and submucosa project into gut lumen
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11
Q

Structure of Colon

A
  1. Muscularis mucosae
  2. Crypts of Lieberkühn: simple columnar epithelium produces mucus and supplies cells to the surface
  3. Surface epithelial cells absorb water and electrolytes
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12
Q

Structure of respiratory mucosae aid function

A
  1. To absorb substances from the lumen
  2. Prevent ingress of pathogens
  3. Move contents and expel waste
    • Epithelial cell specialisations aid processes 1 and 2
    o Folding of mucosa, microvilli, peristaltic actions
    • Lamina propria contains lymphatic tissue to aid process 2
    o Underlying lymphatic tissue
    • Muscularis mucosae folds mucosa to increase surface area (1 and 2)
    o Critical structure-function stability control
    • Muscularis externa performs ‘peristalsis’ to aid process 3
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13
Q

Muscociliary escalator

A

‘cilia wave’: mucus moves materials to oral cavity where the material can be swallowed
- mucins + water: make sticky mucus
- serum proteins (lubrication)
- lysozyme - destroy bacteria
- anti-proteases - inactivate bacterial enzymes

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14
Q

epithelia

A

sheets of continuous cells, of varied embryonic origin, that cover the external surface of the body and line many internal surfaces

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15
Q

explain the embryonic origins of epithelial cells

A

from ectoderm (e.g., the epidermis)
from endoderm (e.g., the inner and outer lining of the gastrointestinal tract)
from mesoderm (e.g., the inner linings of body cavity)

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16
Q

stratified

A

> 4 layers

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17
Q

pseudostratified

A

all make contact with basement membrane, not all reach epithelial surface, nucleus at different levels
squamous: fried egg shaped

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18
Q

cuboidal

A

polygonal

19
Q

columnar

A

rectangle

20
Q

distinguish between mucous and serous membranes

A

M: line certain internal tubes that opens to exterior

S: thin, 2 part membranes that line close body cavities and envelop viscera

21
Q

Mucous membrane consists of?

A
  • epithelium lining the lumen of a tube
  • adjacent layer of connective tissue: lamina propria
  • third layer consisting of smooth muscle cells: muscularis mucosae
  • carries blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves
22
Q

What does serous membrane line?

A
  • peritoneum
  • pleural sacs
  • pericardial sacs
23
Q

What does serous membrane consist of?

A
  • exude lubricating fluid that promotes relatively friction-free movement of the structures they surround
    • simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) that exudes watery lubricating fluid
    • thin layer of connective tissue that attaches epithelium to adjacent tissues
    • carries blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves
24
Q

pseudostratified epithelium location + function

A

Locations include: Lining of nasal cavity, trachea and bronchi
Functions include: Secretion and conduit (respiratory tract, ductus deferens)
Mucus secretion (respiratory tract)
Particle trapping and removal (respiratory tract)

25
Q

simple columnar epithelium location + function

A

Locations include: Stomach lining & gastric
Small intestine & colon
Gallbladder
glands
Functions include: Absorption (small intestine and colon, gallbladder)
Secretion (stomach lining & gastric glands, small intestine and colon)
Lubrication (small intestine and colon)

26
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium location + function

A

Absorption & Conduit (exocrine glands)
Absorption & Secretion (kidney tubules)
Barrier/covering (ovary)
Hormone synthesis, storage and mobilisation (thyroid)

27
Q

simple squamous location + function

A

Lubrication
- pericardium
- pleural membranes
- peritoneum/viscera
= collectively known as mesothelium)

Gas exchange
- Type 1 pneumocytes of pulmonary alveoli

Water, nutrient and waste product exchange
- endothelial cells lining heart & capillaries

Barrier
- Bowman’s capsule,
- skin
- oesophagus
- conjunctivae of eye
- brain

28
Q

stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium function + location

A

Locations include:
- Oral cavity
- Oesophagus
- Vagina
- Part of anal canal
- Surface of cornea
- Inner surface of eyelid

Functions include:
- Protection against abrasion
- Reduces water loss but remains moist

29
Q

transitional epithelium

A

Location: Urinary tract
from renal calyces - ureters - bladder - Proximal urethra
Functions include:
- Distensibility
- Protection of underlying tissue from toxic chemicals

30
Q

stratified squamous keratinised epithelium location + function

A

Locations include: Surface of skin
Limited distribution in oral cavity
Functions include:
- Protection against abrasion and physical trauma
- Prevention of water loss
- Prevention of microbial ingress
- Shielding against UV light damage

31
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium location + function

A

Location: excretory ducts of salivary + sweat glands

Function:

  • protection against physical damage
  • impermeable layer to foreign bodies
  • selective absorption of nutrients and water
32
Q

stratified columnar epithelium location + function

A

Location:

  • conjunctiva of eye
  • vas deferens
  • urethra

Function

  • protection
  • secretion
33
Q

Microfold cells

A
  1. Trap pathogens and other molecules
  2. Present to underlying dendritic cells that
    process material
  3. Present to lymphocytes and macrophages that
    reside in a basal ‘pocket’ (not linked to the basement membrane) to raise an immune response or digestions, respectively
34
Q

Club cells

A

Protect bronchiolar epithelium
- Secretion of uteroglobin, and a solution similar in composition to pulmonary surfactant
- Detoxification of harmful substances inhaled into the lungs using cytochrome P450 enzymes found in SER
- Act as a stem cell, multiplying and differentiating into ciliated cells to regenerate the bronchiolar epithelium

35
Q

Goblet cell

A

Release of mucins through exocytosis

36
Q

genetic cause of cystic fibrosis

A

Mutation of CFTR gene
- Deficiency of chloride ion release results in very sticky and immovable mucous

37
Q

How epithelial cells are affected by smoking (early stage)

A

Early stage

  1. Normal mucus layer thickens
  2. Cilia die off
  3. Ciliagenesis – 2 to 4 days
38
Q

How epithelial cells are affected by smoking (chronic stage)

A

Chronic stage
1. Goblet cells and basal cells proliferate
2. Club cells (metaplasia) die
3. Carcinogens induce mutations and malignancy
4. Pneumocytes in the alveoli die
• Remaining type II cells proliferate to make both type I and II pneumocytes
• Fibroblasts lay down scar tissue

39
Q

acute bronchitis

A
  • cough and mucus production
  • breathlessness
  • < 3 months
  • Reduced lung function and breathlessness due to inflammation, swelling and narrowing of the lung airways and excess mucus in the lung passages

Later stage - Increased risk of serious respiratory diseases

40
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A
  • Chronic inflammation of bronchi
  • produces a cough and mucus production
  • at least 2 episodes of cough lasting 3 months or more during a 2 year period (smoker’s cough)
  • Reduced lung function and breathlessness due to inflammation, swelling and narrowing of the lung airways and excess mucus in the lung passages
  • Start of or irreparable damage to the bronchioles and alveoli
41
Q

Emphysema

A

Shortness of breath due to permanent widening of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole without fibrosis (i.e. destruction of the air sacs)

42
Q

COPD

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
– umbrella condition that includes both emphysema and chronic bronchitis

43
Q

Asthma

A
  • wheeze
  • shortness of breath
  • chest tightness
  • cough
  • all may vary over time and in intensity, with a variable expiratory airflow limitation
  • often has a trigger (e.g. cold, exercise, allergens, stress, etc.)
  • Caused by bronchospasm obstruction from mucus and narrowing of the conducting airways
44
Q

Bronchospasm

A

Tightening of smooth muscle layer in the bronchi and bronchioles

Body Log (2 decks)

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