Thorax 2 (Cardiovascular System) - part 2 Flashcards
The picture shows arterial supply of the upper limbs, what is A?
Radial artery
The picture shows arterial supply of the upper limbs, what is B?
Brachial artery
The picture shows arterial supply of the upper limbs, what is C?
Subclavian artery
The picture shows arterial supply of the upper limbs, what is D?
Ulnar artery
The picture shows arterial supply of the upper limbs, what is
Axillary artery
At what bony point does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?
Lateral border of 1st rib
In which area of the upper limb does the brachial artery branch into radial and ulnar artery?
Antecubital fossa
Of the radial and ulnar arteries, which is more superficial of the two?
Radial artery
What is A?
External iliac artery
What is B?
Deep femoral artery
What is C?
Popliteal artery
What is D?
Anterior tibial artery
What is E?
Posterior tibial
What is F?
Superficial femoral
What is A?
Anterior tibial artery
What is B?
Dorsalis pedis artery
What artery is the femoral artery a distal continuation of?
External iliac artery
Where does the poplital artery branch into the anterior and posterior tibial artery?
Poplital fossa
What is the complete branching of the common iliac artery?
Common iliac - external iliac (internal iliac) - superficial femoral (deep femoral) - popliteal - anterior tibial (posterior tibial) - dorsalis pedis
What is the complete branching of the subclavian artery?
Subclavian - axillary - brachial - radial and ulnar
The dorsalis pedis artery is a continuation of what artery?
Anterior tibial artery
Where does the dorsalis pedis artery lie?
On the dorsum of the foot
The posterior tibial artery enters the sole of the foot inferior to which malleolus of the ankle?
Both left and right
What are the main pulse points of the body?
Carotid artery
Apex beat
Brachial artery
Abdominal aorta
Radial artery
Femoral artery
Poplital artery
Posterior tibial artery
Dorsalis pedis artery
What is A?
Carotid artery
What is B?
Apex beat
What is C?
Brachial artery
What is D?
Abdominal aorta
What is E?
Radial artery
What is F?
Femoral artery
What is G?
Popliteal artery
What is H?
Posterior tibiral artery
What is I?
Dorsalis pedis artery
What are important superficial veins of the upper limbs?
Cephalic vein
Basilic vein
Median cubital veins
Where do deep veins of the upper limbs lie and what names do they have?
Alongisde their corresponding artery and take the same name
Where do the deep veins of the lower limbs lie and how are they named?
Alongside corresponding arteries and have the same names
Where do the superficial veins of the lower limbs drain into?
Deep veins
What are the superficial veins of the lower limbs?
Great saphenous vein
Small saphenous vein
What are some deep veins of the lower limbs?
Femoral vein
Popliteal vein
Posterior tibial vein
What is A?
Femoral vein
What is B?
Great saphenous vein
What is C?
Poplital vein
What is D?
Small saphenous vein
Into which deep vein does the great saphenous vein drain into?
Femoral vein
Into which deep vein does the small saphenous vein drain into?
Popliteal vein
What happens when veins become varicose?
Leaflets of the valves no longer meet properly so the valves do not work, allowing blood to flow backwards
What are the 2 main lymphatic ducts?
Thoracic duct
Right lymphatic duct
Where does the thoracic duct drain lymph from?
3/4ths of the body to the medial end of the left subclavian vein
Where does the right lymphatic duct drain lymph from?
Right upper quadrant (1/4th) to the medial end of the right subclavian vein
Whre is the thoracic duct located?
On the vertebral bodies between the azygos vein adn the descending thoracic aorta on the right side of the posterior thoracic wall
What does the thoracic duct commence as?
Cisterna chyli
What vertebral level does the thoracic duct commence at?
L1 as the cisterna chyli
What vertebral level does the thoracic duct cross the medial line from right to left?
T4
Where does the thoacic duct drain into?
Medial end of the left subclavian vein
What nodes are for lymphatic drainage of the chest wall?
Parasternal nodes
Phrenic nodes
Intercostal nodes
Where are parasternal nodes found?
Situated along the internal thoracic artery
Where do the parasternal nodes recieve lymphatic drainage from?
Medial part of the breast
Intercostal spaces
Costal pleura
Diaphragm
Where are the phrenic nodes found?
Situated on the thoracic surface of the diaphragm
Where do the phrenic nodes recieve lymphatics from?
Pericardium
Diaphragm
Liver
What do the phrenic nodes drain into?
Parastenal nodes
Where are the intercostal nodes found?
At the verebral end of the intercostal spaces
Where does lymph from the heart drain into?
Right inferior tracheobronchial nodes
Mediastinal (bronchopulmonary and paratracheal lymph nodes)
This picture shows the thoracic duct, what is A?
Azygos vein
This picture shows the thoracic duct, what is B?
Thoracic duct
This picture shows the thoracic duct, what is C?
Thoracic aorta
What is A?
Tracheobronchial lymph nodes
What is B?
Bronchopulmonary lymph nodes
What is A?
Right atrium
What is B?
Right ventricle
What is C?
Left ventricle
What is D?
Left atrium
What is E?
Aorta
What is A?
Right atrium
What is B?
Trachea
What is C?
Aortic arch
What is D?
Heart
What is E?
Apex
How is autonomic innervation directed to the heart and coronary arteries?
Cariac/cadiopulmonary plexus
What is B?
AV node
What spinal levels give sympathetic innervation to the heart and coronary arteries?
T1-T4
What gives parasympathetic innervation to the heart and coronary arteries?
Vagas nerve
What do motor fibres innervate within the heart wall?
Nodes (SA and AV nodes) to generate electrical impulses
What are the nodes that nerves innervate within the heart wall known as?
Purkinje cells
What are the branches of Purkinje cells called?
Purkinje fibres
What is A?
SA node
What is C?
Cardiac muscle
What do parasympathetic fibres within the heart wall act on?
SA and AV node
What do sympathetic fibres within the heart wall act on?
SA and AV node
Cardiac muscle
How does sensory and pain information travel back from the heart?
Spinal cord levels T1-T4 in the sympathetic nerves
What is A?
SA node
What is B?
Internodal pathways
What is C?
AV node
What is D?
Bundle of His
What is E?
Purkinje fibres
What is F?
Left bundle branches
What is G?
Intra-atrial pathway
Where does the SA node lie within the heart?
Near the opening of the SVC in the right atrium
What does SA, for SA node, stand for?
Sinu-atrial node
Where does the AV node lie within the heart?
Inferior part of the interatrial septum
What does AV, for AV node, stand for?
Atrioventricular node
Where does the atrioventricular bundle of His lie within the heart?
Within each side of the interventricular septum
Why is pain from cardiac ischaemia sometimes felt in the left arm?
The pain travels back by T1-T4 spinal nerves, T1 also supplies the upper limbs
What is knowledge of the surface anatomy of the heart essential for?
Diagnosis of cardiac enlargement
Location of the heart valves
Auscultation of the heart sounds
What are the different borders of the heart?
Superior border
Inferior border
Right border
Left border
What is A?
Right border
What is B?
Inferior border
What is C?
Apex
What is D?
Left border
What is E?
Superior border
Where do the surface markings of the apex (apex beat) lie?
5th left intercostal space, midclavicular line
How does the apex beat of children compare to adults?
More superiolateral
What chambers form the right border of the heart?
Right atrium and right ventricle
What chambers form the left border of the heart?
Left atrium and left ventricle
What chambers form the inferior border of the heart?
Right ventricle and left ventricle
What chambers forms the superior border of the heart?
Right atrium and left atrium
What chambers form the anterior/sternocostal surface of the heart?
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
What chambers form the posterior/base surface of the heart?
Left atrium
What chambers form the inferior/diaphragmatic surface of the heart?
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
What is the anterior surface of the heart also known as?
Sternocostal surface
What is the posterior surface of the heart also known as?
Base
What is the inferior surface of the heart also known as?
Diaphragmatic
What is A?
Manubrium
What is B?
Aorta
What is C?
Sternomanubrial joint
What is D?
Heart
What is E?
Xiphisternal joint
What is F?
Diaphragm
What vertebral level is the sternomanubrial joint?
T4
What vertebral level is the xiphisternal joint?
T8/T9
The heart is posterior to what bone?
Sternum
The heart is anterior to what 4 vertebrae?
T5-T8
What structure lies inferior to the heart?
Diaphragm
What is A?
Pulmonary valve
What is B?
Aortic valve
What is C?
Mitral valve
What is D?
Tricuspid valve
In what order do the heart valves lie behind the sternum?
P-A-M-T
Where do the sounds due to the hear valves roughly radiate to?
4 corners of the heart
What is A?
Aortic valve
What is B?
Tricuspid valve
What is C?
Pulmonary valve
What is D?
Mitral valve
Where is the pulmonary valve auscultated?
2nd left intercostal space, parasternally
Where is the aortic valve ausculated?
2nd righ intercostal space, parasternally
Where is the mitral valve ausculated?
5th left intercostal space, midclavicular line (apex)
Where is the tricuspid valve auscultated?
Over lower sternum, or just right to it
What is A?
Right atrium
What is B?
Oesophagus
What is C?
Azygos vein
What is D?
Right ventricle
What is E?
Apex
What is F?
Left ventricle
What is G?
Descending aorta
What are the 3 layers of a blood vessel, from superficial to deep?
Tinuca adventita
Tunica media
Tunica intima
What are the 3 main histological types of arteries?
Elastic arteries
Muscular arteries
Arterioles
How can a slide of an artery be identified?
More round
Thick wall
Narrow lumen
How can a slide of a vein be identified?
Irregular, thin wall
Wider lumen
What is A?
Tunica media
What is B?
Tunica adventitia
What is C?
Nerve
What is D?
Tunica media
What is E?
Tunica adventitia
What is F?
Artery
What is G?
Artery lumen
What is H?
Adipose tissue
What is I?
Vein
What is J?
Vein lumen
Which of A and B is an elastic and muscular artery?
A - elastic artery
B - muscular artery
What is the difference between the tunica intima of muscular and elastic arteries?
Muscular arteries have the presence of internal elastic lamina
What is the difference between the tunica media of musclar and elastic arteries?
Muscular arteries is mainly smooth muscle
Elastic arteries have concentric fenestrated sheets of elastin and only a few smooth muscle fibres
What is the difference between the tunica adventitia of muscular and elastic arteries?
Muscular has the presence of vaso vasorum and is a broad layer
What is vaso vasorum?
Network of small blood vessels that supplies the walls of blood vessels
What type of artery is the aorta and pulmonary trunk?
Elastic
Conducting
What type of artery are the radial and femoral arteries?
Muscular
Distributing
What type of tissue predominate in the tunica media of arterioles?
Smooth muscle
Are elastic arteries conducting or distributing?
Conducting
Are muscular arteries conducting or distributing?
Distributing
What layer are valves formed from?
Tunica intima of the vessel
