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Exam 2 Muscle, Endocrine, Nervous > theresa maurer > Flashcards

theresa maurer Flashcards

1
Q

All or none, recruitmen, motor units

A

All or none says a fiber fires or does not fire, motor units are responsible for a certain number of fibers that allow for bigger or small muscle movements. This creates gradation. When a bigger muscle movement is needed the motor units “recruit” other motor units to create the movement needed. Smaller movements less motor units are used

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2
Q

Motor unit

A

motor neuron and the fibers it controls

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3
Q

sliding filament theory

A

A bands-thick filaments myosin with microbridges small overlap of thin actin myofilaments
I bands- thin filaments inside Z line
I bands shortens
the myosin latch into the actin by microbridges and rachet to shorten and contract the muscle.

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4
Q

distinguish between non cardiac muscles

A

skeletal muscle- striated, vascularized, multinuclea, body movement, voluntary, very organized
smooth muscle- internal cover organs, involuntary, less organized

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5
Q

4 ways a target cell responds to hormone

A

changes cell division rate
changes permeability
changes protein activity
starts, stops or turns off

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6
Q

how are calcium blood levels regulated

A

thyroid hormone releases calcitonin when there is too much calcium in the blood and tells bones to absorb excess.
When there is not enough calcium in the blood the parathyroid releases parathyroid hormone PTH and tells the bone to release calcium, the kidneys to recover calcium and the GI tract to acquire more.

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7
Q

how are glucose levels regulated

A

too much glucose the Beta cells in the pancreas are prompted to make insulin to absorb excess glucose by and tell the liver to store it.
too little glucose the Alpha cells make glucagon and tells the liver to release glucose.

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8
Q

general mode of action of endocrine

A

Initial prompt- from nervous system(adrenal), cycle (reproductive), directly detecting chemical/hormone
gland releases staged hormone into blood stream goes to body
finds target cells in tissues and moves from blood to tissues
target cell changes- 4 ways

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9
Q

electrical synapse

A

2 cells are fused so EI passed directly through and the next cell always fires!

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10
Q

chemical synapse

A

Prompt EI
arrives at presynaptic membrane
neurotransmitters released to the synaptic cleft
receptors from the post synaptic cleft picks up the neurotransmitters and is
“influenced” whether or not to fire.

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11
Q

anterior pituitary location and hormone

A 
grainy layer
ACTH- adrenocorticotropic hormone- stimulates cortex of the adreno
TSH
Growth hormone
FSH/LH -testes and ovaries
prolactic
All 
All The Fat guys like prolactin
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12
Q

posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin, ADH

located behind the nose in the brain in optic chasm

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13
Q

thyroid

A

thyroxin- increase metab
calcitonin- to reduce calcium levels
perifollicular cells make calcitonin and is stored as colloid in follicles

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14
Q

parathyroid

A

secretes Parathyroid hormone that increases calcium in the blood
tells bones to release calcium
tells kidneys to recover calcium
tells GI increase absorption of it

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15
Q

goiter

A

diseased thyroid too much colloid-enlarged

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16
Q

pineal

A

on cerebellum on back of 3rd ventricle

melatonin= regulates sleep

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17
Q

adrenal

A

zona glomerulosa
aldosterone- stabilized bp targets the kidneys- increase blood, hydration, solutes cortex
zona fasculata- cortisol, corticosterone, physio stress long term, anti-inflammatory
zona reticularis- androgen, estrogen, sex hormones, puberty

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18
Q

thymus

A

immunity- trains lymphocytes, Tcell maturation, tumor growth

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19
Q

neuron

A

basic functional unit

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20
Q

axon

A

takes info away

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21
Q

dendrites

A

take info somewhere else short and many

22
Q

central nervous sysem CNS

A

brain, spinal cord

23
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

sensory receptors and nerves

24
Q

nerve

A

bundle of nerve fibers and connects to CNS, muscles, glands, packaged to go somewhere in the body

25
Q

Afferent nerve

A

sensory info coming IN; to CNS

26
Q

Efferent nerve

A

Motor info going OUT to muscles/glands

27
Q

interneuron

A

EI from one neuron to another in CNS

28
Q

somatic nervous sytem

A

motor,skeletal, voluntary

29
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary, smooth, cardiac muscle

30
Q

parasympathetic

A

day to day system

31
Q

sympathetic

A

fight or flight

32
Q

neuroglia, support cells in CNS

A

astrocyte- blood brain barrier star shaped
ependymal cells- line ventricles and central canal of spinal cord, make CSF
microglia- phagocytic to necrotic tissue, infection, large numbers found in CNS
oligodendrocytes- wraps around several axons forms myelin sheath- increase speed

33
Q

neuroglia support cells in PNS

A

schwann cells- wraps portion of axon, myelin sheath interrupted by node of ranvier
myeline, schwann, oligiodendrocytes- speed transmission, protects insulates= myelineated axon

34
Q

cranial nerves

A

1 olfactory- sensory nose
2 optic- sensory eye
3 oculomotor- sensory and motor, ext eye muscle, lens, pupil (psym)
4 trochlear- motor eye muscles m/s
5 trigeminal- chewing- motor sensory lower jaw face
6 abducen- last eye muscle- m/s
7 facial- taste, salvary motor sensory
8 vestibulocochlear- sensory only inner ear
9 glossalpharyngeal- taste, swallow muscles, salvary m/s
10 vagus- parasymp to torso leaves CN
11 accessory- motor sensory to neck
12 hypoglossal- tongue muscle

35
Q

sensory only cranial nerves

A

1, 2, 8

olfactory, optic, vestibulocochlear

36
Q

taste nerves

A

facial, hypoglosspharyngeal,

37
Q

eye muscle nerves

A

occulomotor, abducen, trochlear

38
Q

four structures that connect cerebral hemispheres

A

corpus collosom
anterior and posterior commisures
fornix

39
Q

brain article

A

the cerebellum may not just be motor actions but also sensory and memory functions

40
Q

basic drives hunger thirst

A

hypothalamus in diencephalon of brain

41
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision cortex

42
Q

frontal lobe

A

motor cortex

43
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory cortex

44
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensory cortex

45
Q

5th lobe

A

inhibitory impulses, insula under temporal lobe

46
Q

1st order sensory neuron

A

posterior root ganglion

47
Q

2nd order sensory neuron

A

in spinal cord at posterior horn

48
Q

3rd order sensory neuron

A

thalamus

49
Q

neurotransmitter released by postganglionic fibers in sympathetic nervous system

A

adrenaline

50
Q

cerebral cortex

A

grey matter

51
Q

CSF circulation

A

4 ventricles
CSF is made by epididymal cells lining the choroid plexus of ventricals makes CSF

CSF from 2 lateral ventricals pass through the intraventicular foramen into the 3rd ventricles.
Wall in between the ventricles is the septum pelucidum
3rd ventricle drains through the cerebral aquaduct into the 4th ventricles dumps into the spinal cord which dumps into the subarachnoid space all the way to tip.
3 small holes drain from the 4th ventricles backwards into the subarachnoid space.
returns to the front to dural sinus by arachnoid villi from where it came

Exam 2 Muscle, Endocrine, Nervous (1 decks)

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