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Semester 2 Psych > Theme 5 - Understanding Yourself > Flashcards

Theme 5 - Understanding Yourself Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the self in biological terms?

A

Brain, consciousness, the body

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2
Q

What is the evolutionary self?

A

The evolved self, human animals

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3
Q

What is the self in individual differences approach?

A

Personality, traits

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4
Q

What is the psychodynamic self?

A

Ego, the unconscious self

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5
Q

What is the behaviourist self?

A

Behaviour, the ‘controlled’ self

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6
Q

What is the humanistic self?

A

Congruence, the ideal self, the actualised self, the future self

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7
Q

What is the developmental self?

A

The changing self, psycho-social stages

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8
Q

What is the social self?

A

Self concept, self-society, social identity, self-perception, consistency theories, the inter-dependent self

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9
Q

What is the cognitive self?

A

The motivated/bias self, the automatic and ‘flat’ self, decisions, memory and dementia, perception

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10
Q

What is the social constructionist self?

A

The international self, constructed self, identity, inter-sectionality

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11
Q

What is self-concept?

A

A theory about who we are and how we fit into society, and how we perceive our behaviours, abilities and unique characteristics

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12
Q

What are the 3 major components of self concept? (Roger’s 1959)

A
  1. Self image
  2. Self esteem/regard
  3. Ideal self
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13
Q

How is identity socially constructed?

A

We discover who we are
1. By comparing ourselves to others and to social norms
2. By making sense of how others react to us

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14
Q

What is reflected appraisal?

A

In order to understand what we’re like, we need to see how others see us

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15
Q

What happens to children as they interact with more and more people?

A

They gradually build up impressions

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16
Q

What do personality theorists assume?

A

A person has a single, unitary self

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17
Q

What do social psychologists recognise about the self?

A

There are multiple selves

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18
Q

What were the 2 components James (1890) proposed about identity?

A
  1. I - self - self awareness
  2. Me, self - self perception
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19
Q

What are temperamental dispositions?

A

Stable characteristics, rooted in biology

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20
Q

What’s the difference between temperament and personality?

A

Temperament - stable and rooted in biology
Personality - more variable and the product of socialisation and experience

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21
Q

What is the self schema dominated with until 24 months?

A

Dominated by internal images of one’s own physical characteristics

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22
Q

What happens at 5-6 months?

A

Infants show preferential looking to a pre-recorded video of another child vs self

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23
Q

What happens at 18-24 months?

A

Infants reliably pass mirror self recognition test

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24
Q

Who proposed the spotlight method?

A

Gallup (1977)

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25
Q

What is the spotlight method?

A

Someone puts dot on child, and monitor how much the child touches what has just been put on them when looking in the mirror

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26
Q

Results of the spotlight method?

A

Before 15 months - no dot touching
15-18 months - 5-25% infants touch dot
18-24 months - 75% touch the dot

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27
Q

Who identified themes characterising the developmental progression?

A

Harter (1999)

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28
Q

What is shift from specific concrete?

A

More abstract descriptions

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29
Q

What is shift from emphasising the material?

A

Psychological orientation

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30
Q

What is increasing awareness of contradiction between components of the self?

A

sense of self gradually become more integrated

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31
Q

What is increasing concern over social standing and relative competence (comparisons with others)

A

Social reference group becomes less important

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32
Q

What happens in the pre-operational egocentrism stage?

A

Assume other people recognise their inner thoughts and feelings

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33
Q

What are some systematic changes in people and situations throughout childhood?

A

Home-nursery-primary school - secondary school

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34
Q

How is identity socially constructed?

A

Different socialisation agents shape beliefs, values and behaviours

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35
Q

Example of primary socialisation agent?

A

Family

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36
Q

Erickson (1950s) theory of psychosocial development?

A

We must resolve 8 main psychosocial crises, which emerge at different points and challenge us to resolve our identity in one direction or another

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37
Q

What happens at each stage of the psychosocial development?

A

Involves a struggle between 2 conflicting personality outcomes: adaptive vs maladaptive

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38
Q

In western countries when are most people thought to tackle the issue of identity?

A

Adolescence

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39
Q

What is identity confusion?

A

Incoherent and uncertain sense of self

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40
Q

What is a coherent identity?

A

Integrated sense of self, goals, aspirations, values and characteristics that are stable across time and contexts

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41
Q

What did Erickson suggest about gender?

A

Suggested the process of identity formation applied only to boys because female identity is defined by a husband and family rather than as an individual

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42
Q

What are some critiques of Erickson?

A

Researchers don’t always identify a clear adolescent identity crisis in a number of non-western societies

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43
Q

What allows us to interact with the environment and acknowledge that we have caused something to happen?

A

Cognitive system

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44
Q

What does agency mean?

A

We have a prediction and expectations of what should happen, feeling in control

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45
Q

How is agency sensitive to the consequences caused?

A

If someone does something good, they accept full agency for it, however if someone does something bad, like break a vase, people don’t like to accept agency for that

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46
Q

What do we make predictions about?

A

What our actions will lead to and we compare the actual consequence to what we thought would happen

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47
Q

What are the 3 ways to measure agency?

A
  1. Explicit measures
  2. Implicit measures
  3. Time perception
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48
Q

What is explicit measures?

A

Ask them if they feel agency

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49
Q

What is implicit measure?

A

Doing a task that is irrelevant to agency that gives us a reliable measure that allows us to infer agency

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50
Q

What happens when someone responds more accurately to perception?

A

There’s less agency

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51
Q

What do schizophrenic people do with regards to agency?

A

Apply agency to things that aren’t correct

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52
Q

What are some symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Hallucinations
Delusions
Losing interest in everyday activities
Not caring about personal hygiene

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53
Q

What is meant by cognitive biases?

A

Attention, encoding, storage, retrieval, interpretation, perception

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54
Q

Why care about cognitive biases?

A

Memory, helps inform theory, helps treatment development

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55
Q

What is attentional bias?

A

Systematic attentional selection of negative over competing neutral stimuli

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56
Q

How do you measure attentional bias?

A

Using eye tracking

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57
Q

What is attentional bias in anxiety?

A

A positive score indicates attentional vigilance, a negative score indicates attentional avoidance

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58
Q

What is interpretive bias?

A

Tendency to interpret ambiguous information as negative

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59
Q

Implicit memory bias?

A

Relatively automatic, does not involve conscious recollection

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60
Q

Explicit memory bias?

A

Effortful, conscious recollection of events

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61
Q

Is there positive or negative attentional bias in depression?

A

Meta analysis suggests negative attentional bias

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62
Q

When is the bias stronger is depression?

A

When stimuli are self-referenced

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63
Q

Evidence of attentional biases?

A

Clear evidence to threat in anxiety
Depression - sustained thinking about lost goals

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64
Q

Dual - process models - words to describe Amygdala?

A

Fast, automatic, associative, stimulus-driven, unconscious

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65
Q

Dual-process model - words to describe prefrontal cortex?

A

Slow, effortful, reflective, strategic, regulatory, conscious

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66
Q

What are cognitive bias in anxiety and depression predicted by?

A

Schema theory

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67
Q

Evidence of strong interpretive bias in social anxiety?

A

Participants with higher social anxiety tend to endorse threat interpretations of ambiguous words and scenarios

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68
Q

Effects of modifying attentional bias on anxiety?

A

Attentional bias to threat reduced - reduced anxiety
Supports a causal role

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69
Q

Effects of modifying interpretative biases: anxiety and depression

A

CMB-I affects the target bias more reliably, consistent reductions in anxiety / depression

70
Q

What happens when bias is modified?

A

Changes in anxiety and depression

71
Q

What are the 5 personalities in the big 5?

A
  1. Openness
  2. Conscientiousness
  3. Extraversion
  4. Agreeableness
  5. Neuroticism
72
Q

What 3 personalities are in the dark triad?

A
  1. Narcissism
  2. Machiavellianism
  3. Psychopathy
73
Q

What does sub-clinical mean?

A

People who don’t score high enough on these traits to be classed as having a disorder

74
Q

In clinical populations, what might a highly narcissistic individual have a diagnosis of?

A

Narcissistic personality disorder

75
Q

In clinical populations, what might a highly psychopathic individual have a diagnosis of?

A

Antisocial personality disorder

76
Q

What are the 6 different love styles?

A
  1. Passionate love
  2. Manic/volatile love
  3. Friendship/enduring love
  4. Selfless love
  5. Game playing
  6. Pragmatic love
77
Q

What types of love is the dark triad predictive of?

A

Game playing and pragmatic love

78
Q

What gender score higher on the dark triad?

A

Men

79
Q

Men higher on the dark triad favour what type of relationship?

A

Short-term

80
Q

What type of men do women find more desirable for short-term relationships?High or dark triad?

A

High dark triad men

81
Q

What does assortative mating mean in regards to the triad?

A

High dark triad women find high dark triad men more desirable for short-term relationships and vice versa

82
Q

In terms of friendship, what do individuals high in dark triad do?

A

Chose friends for strategic purposes - friend always buys them a drink, or they want a romantic relationship with friend

83
Q

What happens if you have life stress and score high on narcissism?

A

This reduces/protects you against depression and psychosis

84
Q

What happens if you have life stress and score high on machiavelliansim?

A

Increases your chances of developing psychosis

85
Q

What trait is positively and significantly related to all of the wellbeing dimensions?

A

Narcissism

86
Q

What trait is psychopathy not related to?

A

Autonomy

87
Q

What is most unrelated to wellbeing?

A

Machiavellianism

88
Q

What does the Hexaco model state?

A

5 factors do not represent the underlying structure of personality, but 6 do

89
Q

What is the 6th factor in the hexaco model?

A

Honesty and humility

90
Q

What is high narcissism predicative of?

A

High personal growth, high purpose in life, high happiness and high life satisfaction

91
Q

What is high psychopathy predictive of?

A

Less personal growth, less purpose in life, less self acceptance, and fewer positive relations with others

92
Q

What is mental toughness?

A

The ability to cope under pressure: challenge, control, commitment, confidence

93
Q

How is narcissism related to mental toughness?

A

Positively correlated with all dimensions

94
Q

How is psychopathy related to mental toughness?

A

Negatively correlated with all dimensions of mental toughness apart from CHALLENGE

95
Q

How is Machiavellianism related to mental toughness?

A

Positively related with commitment and control, negatively related with challenge and confidence

96
Q

What is consciousness?

A

Our current objective experience of ourselves at the present moment in time - made up of sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings

97
Q

Someone thinks they have caused an action that they actually haven’t caused - what is this an example of?

A

Illusion of control

98
Q

Someone thinks they have not caused an action that they actually have caused - what is this an example of?

A

Illusion of non-control

99
Q

What is confabulation?

A

Someone is mistaken about how they have caused an action

100
Q

What does subjective feelings of free will link to?

A

Our conscious thoughts with our actions

101
Q

What are the 2 reasons why we are sometimes wrong when we think that our conscious thought has caused an action?

A

The experience of conscious will is unreliable
The theory of apparent mental causation - conscious thoughts do not cause actions

102
Q

How do we know that we are in control of an action?

A

Physical cues
Social and personal cues

103
Q

Who introduced self-efficacy?

A

Bandura (1977)

104
Q

What is self efficacy?

A

The belief that one can carry out actions to effectively change the situation they are in

105
Q

What is metacognition?

A

Thinking about thinking

106
Q

What is the planning fallacy (kahneman & Tversky 1994?

A

We are deluded about how long things will take

107
Q

Do people often overestimate or underestimate?

A

Overestimate

108
Q

Do people always want accurate beliefs? Why?

A

No
It is believed that optimists are more successful financially, better able to cope with stress and hardship, happier, longer lived

109
Q

What are our experience of selfhood?

A

Stable over time / continuous

110
Q

What are some sources of self-knowledge?

A
  1. Episodic memories of one’s life events
  2. Semantic summary representations of one’s personality traits
  3. Semantic knowledge of facts about one’s life
  4. A sense of personal agency and ownership
  5. The ability to self-reflect
  6. The physical self
111
Q

What are objective measures of long-term memory?

A

Lab tests
Public events tests
Autobiographical memory tests

112
Q

What are subjective memory tests?

A

Autobiographical memory tests
Lab tests

113
Q

What is the medical prefrontal cortex involved in?

A

Involved in self-referential processing and representation of self-relevant info

114
Q

What does damage to the prefrontal cortex do?

A

Abolishes the self-reference effect

115
Q

What is the ventral parietal cortex?

A

A convergence zone
Associated with subjective aspects of memory retrieval and richness of info recalled

116
Q

What do ventral parietal lesions appear to affect?

A

Subjective aspects of recollection to a greater extent than objective performance

117
Q

Was does disruption to the central parietal cortex do?

A

Reduces free recall performance and 1st person perspective
Reduces confidence more than objective performance

118
Q

What do 1st person memories tend to be rated higher on?

A

Subjective vividness, sensory details, emotional intensity compared to 3rd person perspective

119
Q

Episodic memory - lab material

A

Learning list of items
Being tested
Remembering context or source

120
Q

Episodic memory - autobiographical material

A

Experiencing everyday events
Test - being able to remember these events
Remember context / source

121
Q

Advantages of lab in episodic memory?

A

Allow to measure accuracy
Participants have a very similar experience

122
Q

Advantages of using real life autobiographical material?

A

Allows studying phenomenological properties or episodic memory such as vividness, emotional valence

123
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

General world knowledge

124
Q

What does semantic processing refer to?

A

Processing the meaning of stimuli

125
Q

Who was Personal Semantics described in?

A

Patients who could retrieve few or no episodic memories but showed knowledge of events from their personal past

126
Q

What have very few studies compared?

A

Personal semantics to both general semantics and episodic memory

127
Q

What did barsalou and Conway suggest about personal semantics?

A

May play an important role in autobiographical memory retrieval, particularly to access unique episodes

128
Q

Evolutionary psychology:

A

Major explanatory approach to human behaviour
Relates us to non human animals

129
Q

How is evolutionary psychology embedded in history of psych?

A

Unifies psychology with biology
Heavy influence on developmentalists and psychoanalysts
Can be traced through to behavioural economics and unconscious bias

130
Q

What did Spencer’s term “survival of the fittest” mean?

A

The best fitted with the environment

131
Q

What is our closest animal relative?

A

Bonobos

132
Q

What is the brain for?

A

It is a physical, chemical and electrical system connected to the body and the outside world
It receives input and produces movement
Organisms that don’t require movement do not have brains
Brain is a resource energy and this is largely divided between movement and perception

133
Q

What gives us a true resolution of the nature-nurture debate?

A

Genes are within the body environment - both genes and environment are reflected in each other

134
Q

What is gender in biological terms?

A

Sex
Genitals and reproductive organs
Chromosomes
Hormones
Females or males

135
Q

What is gender in social terms?

A

Gender roles and norms
Clothes
Appearance
Toys
Colours

136
Q

What is gender in terms of psychological?

A

Competitive
Dominant
Compassionate
Quiet/loud
Aggressive / passive
Tough
Gentle

137
Q

Gender is…

A

Socially constructed

138
Q

How are gender roles socially constructed?

A

Society gives Behaviours and attributes they consider appropriate for men and women

139
Q

How are gender roles reinforced?

A

Through media, culture and social expectations

140
Q

What is intersectionality? Kimberle Crenshaw

A

The overlap of systems of oppression to create distinct experiences for people with multiple identity categories

141
Q

Why is gender important?

A

Important part of our identity - it shapes many aspects of our everyday life
Impacts our experiences and how we interact with others
May impact our wellbeing

142
Q

What are the 3 stages in gender constancy - Kohlberg (1966)

A
  1. Gender labelling - by age 3
  2. Gender stability - by age 5
  3. Gender constancy - by age 7
143
Q

What is a schema?

A

Cognitive framework / structure an individual draws on to interpret and make sense of their social world

144
Q

What is gender schema theory?

A

Social-cognitive psychological theory

145
Q

What does the gender schema theory explain?

A

How people become gendered from a young age and the impact of this gendering on cognitive and categorical processing through the life course

146
Q

What 3 reasons are used to explain why adolescence is a hard time?

A
  1. Conflict with parents
  2. Mood disruption
  3. Risk taking
147
Q

What gender experiences puberty earlier?

A

Girls

148
Q

What gender are more dissatisfied with their body changing?

A

Girls

149
Q

What does puberty intensify?

A

Gender based expectations

150
Q

What is the result of changes in physical appearances?

A

Linked to increased social pressure to conform to traditional gender roles

151
Q

When was humanistic psychology developed?

A

Mid 1950s

152
Q

Who mainly developed humanistic psychology?

A

Rogers and Maslow

153
Q

What was humanistic psychology a response to?

A

Lack of ‘human’ elements in psychology

154
Q

What are central ideas?

A

We make our own meaning and live within our individual reality

155
Q

What is conceptual focus?

A

Human desire to reach their potential

156
Q

What are the 7 stages in the hierarchy of needs?

A
  1. Self actualisation
  2. Aesthetic needs
  3. Need to know and understand
  4. Esteem needs
  5. Belongingness & love needs
  6. Psychological needs
157
Q

Maslows hierarchy of needs are…

A

Unconscious

158
Q

Examples of D needs

A
  1. Need for basic survival
  2. Security
  3. The need for socialisation
  4. The need to feel adequate
159
Q

Example of B needs

A

The need to develop and pursue talents

160
Q

Definition of a fully functioning person

A

A person who is moving towards actualising their potential

161
Q

What are the 2 types of humanistic self?

A

The organismic self - grows and realises its potential
The self concept - becomes the persons perception of themselves

162
Q

What does humanistic psychology specify a difference in?

A

Persons actual self and ideal self

163
Q

When do psychological difficulties occur?

A

When a person is highly dependent on the approval of others for a sense of self-worth

164
Q

What is human agency?

A

A persons capacity to control and create meaning within their environment through reasoned and reflective ones

165
Q

Where does social psychology come from?

A

The Chicago school and symbolic interactionist

166
Q

What happened in early 1900s?

A

Herbert blumer coined ‘symbolic interactionism

167
Q

What is interpretivism?

A

Researcher as interpreter of behaviour
Uses data gathering techniques like interviews

168
Q

What are the 2 parts of the self according to mead?

A

Subjective
Objective
The me is influenced by social conventions and contexts

169
Q

According to mead, the “me” is what?

A

The socialised aspect of us - created through social conventions and context

170
Q

What does Goffman say?

A

We are always performing

171
Q

What does sociology social psychology state?

A

You can use interaction and context to explore and test identity and play with idealised notions of the self

Semester 2 Psych (5 decks)

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