The Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

RISK FACTORS FOR OSTEOPOROSIS

Answer 1

1. Postmenopausal status in women
2. Age >/= 50 years
3. Prior fragility fracture
4. Low body mass index
5. Low dietary calcium
6. Vitamin D deficiency
7. Tobacco and excessive alcohol use
8. Immobilization
9. Inadequate physical activity
10. Osteoporosis in a first-degree relative, particularly with history of fragility fracture
11. Clinical conditions such as thyrotoxicosis, celiac sprue, IBD, cirrhosis, chronic renal disease, organ transplantation, diabetes, HIV, hypogonadism, multiple myeloma, anorexia nervosa, and rheumatologic and autoimmune disorders
12. Medications such as oral and high-dose inhaled corticosteroids, anticoagulants (long-term use), aromatase inhibitors for breast cancer, methotrexate, selected antiseizure medications, immunosuppressive agents, proton-pump inhibitors (long-term use), and antigonadal therapy for prostate cancer

Question 2

CONDYLAR JOINTS

Answer 2

Condylar joints are convex or concave in articular shape; common examples are the knee and temperomandibular joint.

They are examples of synovial joints–or movable joints–and have articulating surfaces that not dissociable and allow for flexion, extension, rotation, and motion in the coronal plane.