The Fertile Crescent

Question 1

The Fertile Crescent

Answer 1

The region from the Tigris to the Euphrates, area where agricultural centers began to develop because of the slit rich soil and the flooding monsoon seasons.

Question 2

Natufian Culture

Answer 2

Nomadic (semi permanent) 60ish people. Late Paleolithic People, “well organized” foragers. Began to figure out agriculture and animal husbandry. Small fields and lands for lentils, chickpeas, wheat (ancient grains.. lol) breeding and domestication or plants and animals (dogs, sheep, goats etc…) THEY DOMESTICATED FOR FOOD.

More stable food = more population supported
Crops = staying in place, permanency leads to cities agrarian-urban society’s

Question 3

Catal Huyuk

Answer 3

City Village (Neolithic Settlement) LOTS OF EVIDENCE, Diversified economy, example of a village state, beginnings of division of labor (Shepard, crafters etc…) lots of different jobs. Some concepts of Rules and Laws, Stone-working (Obsidian workers (volcanic glass Super SHARP Blades State of the Art for the Time-period) near Turkey

Signs of Doing Art for Fun (no major purpose behind it)

Some form or religious culture based off of laws: The Venus’ (Big lady with Big Titties) could be sign of matriarchal society, could be fertility goddess, could be dollies, Artists being weird and arty

Question 4

The Ubayd Culture

Answer 4

Named after the Archeological Site in Iraq, pottery found to be made on a pottery wheel (super innovative) striped-wheel turned pottery.

Question 5

Sumer and the Sumerians (southern Mespotamia)

Answer 5

(THE WORLD OF THE OLD TESTAMENT) Now Modern Iraq used sexagesimal counting based off of the number 6 (60mins, 60 secs, 360* in a circle, “ALL STUFF WE USE TO THIS DAY*) The Zodiac

THE WHEEL!!! They get credit for it, and BEER!!!

Question 6

The Akkadians: Sargon of Akkad

Answer 6

SARGON OF AKKAD (Sumerian King/Emperor) “The Akkadian Empire” united the Sumer and the Sumerians, left this dynasty down to his children. Made Akkadian the common language.

Enheduanua: (his daughter) “great lady” had a great deal of authority, high priestess of the goddess of Innanaa/Ishtar at Ur. Wrote prayers and poems… was the first NAMED AUTHOR… she was disparaged by loosing her job and then got her job back

Question 7

Sumerian Religion

Answer 7

Enuma Elish! The Babylonia Origin story of the world and their people.
The gods, had lesser gods to to work, they didn’t like this thus they created man to be their servants. Gods disliked man for disobedience and killed them with a great flood.

Question 8

Cuneiform

Answer 8

Sumerian/ Southern Mesopotamian “wedge shaped” oldest known writing system in the world, allowed for recorded keeping, carved onto clay tablets with chisel; allowed for greater communication.

Question 9

Code of Hammurabi

Answer 9

(Babylonia) Hammurabi (most influential Babylonia king) his law an eye for an eye (not egalitarian) (based on class structure) showed worth based on class structure.

Question 10

Hitties

Answer 10

Indo-Europeans, enemies of the Egyptians and Mesopotamians , (built the)Anatolia Empire (in modern day turkey), they Ruled as Great Kings! If they defeated a city then little kings just had to pay respects to the real king, and allowed them to stay in power.

Supilluliuma the 1st (THE KING): conquered the Mittani and the Egyptians, Peace was almost had under his regime (with a dynastic marriage between the Hittite Prince and an Egyptian Princess, people who did not want peace killed the Prince… oops) his descendants ruled for a century. Not entirely reliant on bronze… the used Iron as Well)

Question 11

Neo Assyrian Empire

Answer 11

Hittites and Egyptians had Iron created bad press from the Bible and Israel, plus themselves and how they recorded their battles Kinda More Boastful than they Deserved

Ashurbanipal (BABYLONIAN KING): Last Great King, reunited/rebuilt Babylonia, he was a bibliophile and had a MASSIVE LIBRARY, when engines came they “threw out” the books “clay tablets” but they survived… these were later used to observe the teachings from the Old Biblical Testament were Widely Practiced in all of Mesopotamia

Question 12

Chaldeans or Neo Babylonians

Answer 12

Destroyed the Assyrians, led the Hebrews into “Babylonia Captivity/Exile”, forced the Hebrews to Leave and they started the Chaldeans or Neo Babylonian Empire. For the Hebrews, the written word was respected more considered more trustworthy, they wanted the concept of preservation started to move away from the oral tradition. Because they lost everything

Question 13

Ancient Egypt

Answer 13

Pharaoh = King
Ma’at = justice or cosmic order (also a goddess)
Hieroglyphics = pictured writing

Question 14

The Nile

Answer 14

Flows from South to North, Separated Upper and Lower Egypt but they were combined under the first Pharaoh

Question 15

Egyptian Religion

Answer 15

Polytheistic (many Gods!!)
Holy Family Linked to the Gods (The Mouthpiece of the Gods)
Holy Family Osiris, Isis (Brother and Sisterwife) and Horus (Their Son) Set jealous killed Osiris, Isis pieced him back together and had a son with him (Horus)
Horus (falcon headed) symbol of Pharonic power, Pharos representative of Horus or could be another Avatar of other God as well.
Osiris God of the underworld, weigher of hearts to see if you were worthy of the afterlife.

The rebel against the Pharos is to rebel against God, So if people did rebel… then the Pharos were false gods and denied.

Question 16

Papyrus

Answer 16

Egyptian version of paper created from the papyrus plant (different genius than we have to this day), it is what we know so much about the Egyptians

Question 17

Hieroglyphics and Other Writing Styles

Answer 17

Ancient Egyptian symbolic written language, etched or carved in stone too a lot of skill.
Hieratic Script (more efficient) for literature and books
Demotic Script (for everyday writing) legal documents and record keeping

Ostracon: broken pots inscribed with ink used for record keeping among commoners (like a notepad)

Question 18

Narmer

Answer 18

1ST RECORDED KING OF EGYPT untied upper and lower Egypt. Narmer Plate Showed (cosmetic case) his LARGE and it CHARGE assistant holding his shoes… lol showed a reference to Pharos are mighty and God Like

Question 19

Sneferu

Answer 19

First Pharo to try to build pyramids… (trial and error) Red Pyramid (the 1st True One),
The False Pyramid at Midun and the Bent Pyramid both (Pre-pyramids) they were meant to serve as tombs.

He began the Great Pyramids Of Giza!!! Symbols of royal power and tombs, originally were smooth with white limestone (pretty)… workers were NOT SLAVES!!! Paid master worksman, crafters and seasonal farmer workers.

Did stop building them cause they either cost a lot,or they don’t know.

Question 20

Hatshepsut

Answer 20

LADY PHAROH!! Artwork presented them as a female, not sure why…
Was the step mom of Thutmose the III ruled while he was a baby and long into his older years as well, very accomplished leader. (Carved her existence out of Public spaces)

Question 21

Akhenaton

Answer 21

The MONOTHEIST!!! Attempted to make Egypt monotheistic… Cult of Aten/Aton, too radical to last very long… (his religion simplified things.. causing a lot of people to loose their jobs), His depictions much changed (ad a little tum tum…) showed how art viewed them as more humanistic.

Question 22

Tutankhamun, King Tut

Answer 22

Son of Akhenaten, became King at 9 years old (most famous because of his undisturbed tomb, otherwise very minor King), tried to restore Egypt orthodoxy and undo his fathers legacy.

Question 23

Ramses the II

Answer 23

Ruled for 66 years… ASSHOLE stereotypical Pharaoh, early on warrior king, fought the Hittites, did not persecute the Jews/Hebrews… like to write him name over the names of other pharaohs and claim their work for his own…

DID!! Make the Treaty of Kadesh… could be the oldest written peace treaty (during war with the Hittites)