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zMedieval > The Carolingians > Flashcards

The Carolingians Flashcards

1
Q

Which was the only successor state which still existed by the establishment of the Carolingian dynasty? What did this mean.

A

The Lombard kingdom. Not a particularly powerful state so the Franks were the most powerful by default.

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2
Q

When did true Frankish expansion take place?

A

Under the Carolingians. Not the Merovingians.

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3
Q

What is significant about the Carolingian approach to rule?

A

They were the first dynasty to push the Divine appointment narrative.

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4
Q

Why did the Carolingians need to imply that they were appointed by God?

A

The Carolingians needed to imply that they were appointed by God due to their deposing of the Merovingian child-monarch setting precedent for questioning monarchical authority (but not godly…)

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5
Q

Who, and when, deposed the last Merovingian king Childeric III?

A

Pepin III in 751. Childeric was not executed, but sent to a monastery.

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6
Q

What were the differences between the Merovingians and the Carolingians?

A

The Carolingians lacked ‘kingly’ characteristics such as beards.

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7
Q

When and how was the Carolingian dynasty legitimised?

A

Pepin (and his heirs following) was anointed in 751 by the Pope. This gave kingship a religious adherence, for the first time kings ruled ‘by the grace of God’.

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8
Q

When were the majority of Charlemagne’s conquests?

A

774- Northern Italy, Bavaria, Spain & Catalonia, Avars, Holland and Saxony.

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9
Q

How were Franks portrayed within the kingdom?

A

As ‘God’s chosen people’.

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10
Q

What is the Latin for the capitulary collection within the Carolingian education reforms?

A

Admonitio generalis.

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11
Q

What did the Carolingian reform of education display?

A
  • the improved communication with God in the Carolingian dynasty
  • evidence of the beginning of the Carolingian Renaissance
  • ‘an appropriate vehicle for God’s favour’
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12
Q

Briefly outline the three events which depict the Carolingian’s relationship with the Papacy:

A

799- Leo III flees to Charlemagne after an assassination attempt
800- Charlemagne crowned Roman Emperor
815- Louis the Pious’ religious reforms of morality

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13
Q

How can we show the extreme actions of Louis the Pious?

A

He exiled unmarried women (even family members), prostitutes and mistresses. He blinded his nephew, Bernard of Italy.

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14
Q

When did Louis the Pious stage a public penance?

A

822.

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15
Q

Why was there such dissent amongst Carolingian elites?

A

Following the end of Charlemagne’s conquests, there was a shortage of land. This is significant as land was used as gifts of loyalty etc. + spoils of war- this meant many were willing to turn inwards to grow their coffers.

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16
Q

What was the name of the succession legislation of Louis the Pious?

A

Ordinatio Imperii.

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17
Q

When was the Ordinatio Imperii published, and what sort of decree was it?

A

817, it was a Capitulary regulating the succession so that Lothair was the main heir.

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18
Q

In the Ordinatio Imperii, what did the eldest son, Lothair, inherit?

A

The Imperium (supreme authority over the empire). The two younger sons inherited potestas only in demarcated territories.

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19
Q

What caused the factional rivalry to spark?

A

Louis the Pious’ inclusion of his son from his second marriage, Charles the Bald (a child at the time) into the succession to the revulsion of Lothair.

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20
Q

When was the first succession rebellion?

A

830.

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21
Q

When was the second succession rebellion? How extensive was it?

A
  1. Much more involvement and support on the side of Lothair.
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22
Q

What started the second succession rebellion?

A

Louis’ gifting of land that was supposed to be bequeathed to Lothair upon his death to Charles.

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23
Q

How did the 833 succession rebellion close?

A

With the deposing of Louis the Pious via a church synod. Although he was eventually reinstated due to continuous scrapping.

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24
Q

When did civil war begin?

A

840, following the death of Louis the Pious.

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25
Q

What was the most significant battle of the civil war?

A

The Battle of Fontenoy.

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26
Q

When was the Battle of Fontenoy?

A

841.

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27
Q

What was the outcome of the Battle of Fontenoy?

A

Charles and Louis win a decisive victory, there are enormous numbers of casualties and both sides are exhausted (a characteristic of medieval warfare).

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28
Q

What were the two subsequent diplomatic measures after the Battle of Fontenoy in 841?

A

The 842 Oaths of Strasbourg & the 843 Treaty of Verdun

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29
Q

Briefly explain the 842 Oaths of Stratsburg:

A

Pledges of allegiance between Louis the German, ruler of East Francia, and his half-brother Charles the Bald, ruler of West Francia.

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30
Q

Briefly explain the 843 Treaty of Verdun.

A

Divided the empire into three kingdoms:

  1. Middle Francia for Lothair.
  2. East Francia for Louis the German.
  3. West Francia for Charles the Bald.
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31
Q

What happened to Charles the Bald in 873?

A

He was blinded by his son, Louis II.

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32
Q

What contributed to the collapse of the Carolingian empire?

A

A struggle to sire a legitimate heir.

33
Q

Who was the first person to inherit the entire empire following the Treaty of Verdun?

A

Charles the Fat, in 884 once all kings of the various kingdoms died.

34
Q

What restricted the power of the Carolingian power?

A

They had to rely on local elite consent, something which all pre-modern states had to do.

35
Q

Why was it so difficult for the Carolingians to create a cohesive elite echelon?

A

They held a self-serving ideology and habits of militarisation which could not be satiated following the ending of Charlemagne’s conquests.

36
Q

Why were the elites so accustomed to militarisation?

A

Due to constant fending off of external threats to the Empire.

37
Q

How were Charlemagne’s conquests legitimised?

A

Gift-giving practises of the medieval era in the context of honour legitimised the plunder of expansionist policies.

38
Q

What were the issues with the end of the expansionist period?

A

Areas had to be economically worthy go conquest, yet this is a finite amount of goods- what would happen when it turned inwards?

39
Q

What were the impacts of oaths of loyalty?

A

Duty to king and God became more intermeshed than ever.

40
Q

What was the impact of the deposing of the Merovingians?

A

The Carolingians proved that monarchical capacity could be questioned, thus there was a change in expectations of kingship. People respected the office not the person.

41
Q

If people respected the office of the king rather than the king himself, what did this mean for loyalties?

A

Elite fuelled rebellions can be interpreted to be an expression of the highest form of loyalty to the office.

42
Q

What was the political change within the Carolingian era?

A

There was a paradigmatic shift of political thought. Post-830s there was a stressing of kings’ accountability.

43
Q

How did Carolingians maintain royal authority?

A

Ritual, divine right, militant persona, capitularies, assemblies

44
Q

How can we describe the Carolingian monarchical authority?

A

Authoritative approach, yet conciliatory practise.

45
Q

What were the two types of assemblies in the Carolingian era?

A

Local and Royal

46
Q

What were the two types of representatives present at royal assemblies?

A

Royal (Missi) and Legal (Scabeni).

47
Q

What were the aims of Carolingian kings?

A

Consensus, solidarity and ritual (not frequent but habitual)- to improve power and authority.

48
Q

What was the role of loyalty in the Carolingian era?

A

Common values and aristocratic pandering led to loyalty which in turn created patronage and materials at the pleasure of the King.

49
Q

What were the motives to obey in the Carolingian era?

A

Capitularies had a religious aspect, but also meant that people were protected by a royal umbrella. Oath swearing was personalised so if broken personal honour was damaged. Oath swearing was also a pledge to God.

50
Q

Summarise the kingship of Carolingians:

A

Consensual in incentive and fear, but only due to it being a ‘consensus monarchy’. A small administrative state despite geographical size. All-powerful king yet dependent on consensus.

51
Q

What is a line from the 759 oath of loyalty?

A

‘without deceit and ill-will’

52
Q

What was the oath of 802?

A

A promise to not be disloyal, to obey and to not interfere with the business of the monarch.

53
Q

What is the difference between the 759 and 802 oaths of loyalty?

A

The 802 oath was much more specific in the responsibilities of subjects. This was due to the influence of the Carolingian Renaissance.

54
Q

Who said the Carolingian oaths were akin to the ancient ones?

A

Alexandre Dumas.

55
Q

Who rejected Alexandre Dumas’ interpretation of the Carolingian oaths of loyalty?

A

Pierre Petot, he argued against the linguistic parallels between ancient and Carolingian oaths.

56
Q

When were oaths of loyalty individualised, and in whose reign?

A

854, in the reign of Charles the Bald.

57
Q

What is the estimation of land at the height of the Carolingian Empire?

A

1,200,000km2 of land.

58
Q

When was the Carolingian monarchy centralised?

A

in 794 when Charlemagne established Aachen as his sedes regni.

59
Q

Where was Charlemagne’s seat of his realm?

A

Aachen.

60
Q

What did Charlemagne do in 793?

A

Rewarded non-defectors with treasures and land. This depicts the gift-giving practises in the expansionist era.

61
Q

What purpose did the bishopric of Auxerre provide?

A

It helped the Carolingians expand into Burgundy in the 750s.

62
Q

What did Janet L. Nelson argue?

A

That existing regional (as well as local) power had to be accommodated.

63
Q

How did Charlemagne interact with his subjects?

A

Through the annually held convetus generalis, it was concerned with military things mostly.

64
Q

What issues did the closing of the expansionist era cause for Charlemagne’s authority?

A

The convetus generalis needed to convey royal supremacy, but without the incentives it had given to elites before.

65
Q

How often were assemblies held in the period 816-28?

A

Twice, if not three times, annually.

66
Q

Who suggests that the 802 capitulary language is indistinct and clumsy?

A

F. L. Ganshof.

67
Q

Which two capitularies did F. L. Ganshof compare to illustrate the improvement caused by the Carolingian Renaissance?

A

the 802 capitulary and the four reform capitularies of 818-19.

68
Q

How can we see that there was some specialisation of roles within the Carolingian government?

A

In the creation of the magister Judaeum (minister for the Jews).

69
Q

Who argued that the Carolingians had to accommodate regional and local power?

A

Janet L. Nelson.

70
Q

What was the Carolingian Renaissance?

A

The first medieval Renaissance of 3. an increase of literature, arts, jurisprudence, liturgical reforms, and scriptural studies.

71
Q

What did John Contrini suggest about the Carolingian Renaissance?

A

The Carolingian Renaissance had a spectacular effect on education and culture in Francia.

72
Q

Who claimed that royal consecration prayer texts are indicative of a Carolingian Renaissance?

A

W. Ullmann

73
Q

What are ordains?

A

Royal consecration prayer texts from the Carolingian era

74
Q

Who argues that the Christianisation of the Carolingian monarchy limited their monarchical power?

A

Pirenne

75
Q

How can we characterise the nature of Charlemagne’s crowning?

A

As an imitation of Byzantine ritual, and evidence of liturgification

76
Q

What is significant about the Oaths of Strasbourg?

A

They were given in two languages, were conversational but also formulaic and individualised.

77
Q

Who (source-wise) notes Charlemagne’s dedication to the Christian religion?

A

Einhard notes Charlemagne’s dedication to the Christian religion.

78
Q

What did J. Nelson suggest about the significance of Carolingian assemblies?

A

The only thing that held [early medieval] political systems together.

zMedieval (5 decks)

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