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Quiz 2 - Neuroscience > Thalamus > Flashcards

Thalamus Flashcards

1
Q

The epithalamus consists of which two nuclei?

A

The pineal and habenular nuclei

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2
Q

The pineal gland releases…?

A

melatonin

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3
Q

The habenular nuclei serves what purpose?

A

Limbic relay nuclei–emotional state and memories. Receives input via the stria medullaris of the thalamus.

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4
Q

What kind of cells are pinealocytes?

A

modified photoreceptors that are responsible for regulating our circadian rhythm

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5
Q

How is the pineal gland innervated?

A

Through sympathetic pathways

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6
Q

What are the components of the subthalamus?

A

Subthalamic nucleus and zona incerta

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7
Q

What causes hemibalism?

A

Damage to subthalamic nucleus

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8
Q

What exactly is the thalamus?

A

Collection of nuclei in the lateral third ventricle

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9
Q

Are there many excitatory or inhibitory neurons in the thalamus?

A

Inhibitory. GABAergic

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10
Q

What are the two modes that thalamic neurons exist in?

A

Either in burst or tonic mode

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11
Q

What is burst mode?

A

Thalamic neurons with rhythmic firing which inhibits thalamic neurons

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12
Q

What is tonic mode?

A

Thalamic neurons in a state where they are responding to input and conveying information. High burst of action potentials

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13
Q

What are the two types of thalamic nuclei? What is each responsible for?

A

Specific relay nuclei vs association nuclei.
Specific relay nuclei filter sensory information and provide feedback from the cortex
Association nuclei are involved with complex functions like attention, memory and eye movement

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14
Q

What are the intralaminar nuclei involved in?

A

Ascending reticular activating system and connections between the basal ganglia and limbic system

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15
Q

Which nucleus of the thalamus is the only one that does not send its major output to the cortex?

A

Reticular thalamic nucleus–an inhibitory feedback nucleus

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16
Q

How does the thalamus affect the cerebral cortex?

A

Relaying sensation or motor feedback and filtering that input
Also, to maintain normal levels of cortical activity by modulating input

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17
Q

What state are burst cells in? (think polarization)

A

They are hyperpolarized. With slight depolarization by Ca++ channels, they fire an action potential but then are inactivated for a longer period of time to prevent the rapid firing that is seen in tonic mode

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18
Q

What are the components of the medial region of the thalamus?

A

mediodorsal region

19
Q

What is in the lateral region of the thalamus?

A

Ventral and dorsal regions

20
Q

What are the components of the ventral tier of the lateral group?

A

ventral posterior, ventral lateral and ventral anterior

21
Q

What are the components of the dorsal tier of the lateral group?

A

Pulvinar, lateral posterior and lateral dorsal nuclei

22
Q

What are the components of the metathalamus?

A

Medial and lateral geniculate

23
Q

What are the medial and lateral geniculate functions?

A

Medial geniculate=transmission of auditory functions

Lateral geniculate=Transmission of visual information

24
Q

What separates the different regions of the thalamus?

A

Internal medullary lamina

25
Q

What is the reticular nucleus?

A

A thin shell of neurons covering the lateral aspect of the thalamus

26
Q

What is the last type of thalamic nuclei, aside from the relay and association nuclei?

A

Nonspecific nuclei

27
Q

Which components of the thalamus are made up of relay nuclei?

A

lateral group, ventral nuclei (Ventral posterolateral and ventral posteromedial nuclei (VPL and VPM). Ventral lateral nucleus, ventral anterior, and metathalamus

28
Q

What information does the VPM relay?

A

Trigeminothalamic input, somatosensory

29
Q

What information does the VPL relay?

A

Medial lemniscal and spinothalamic input, somatosensory

30
Q

What information does the ventral lateral nucleus relay?

A

Take inputs from cerebellar afferents. Involved in movement

31
Q

What information does the ventral anterior nucleus relay?

A

Receives info from basal ganglia and involved in planning and initiating movement

32
Q

Where do association nuclei get their input from? What do they output to?

A

Input from multiple parts of cortex and output to association cortex. Involved in attending to sensory inputs and generating appropriate responses

33
Q

Where do the pulvinar nucleus and lateral posterior nucleus (association nuclei) receive input from and project to? What is their function?

A

Receives input from superior colliculus projects to visual areas. Functions in attention/eye movement

34
Q

Where does the anterior nucleus and lateral dorsal nucleus receive and project info?

A

Receives info from hippocampus and mamillary bodies. Sends info to posterior cingulate cortex

35
Q

What does the mediodorsal nucleus do?

A

Autonomic regulation and emotion. Destruction affects memory

36
Q

Where can you find the nonspecific nuclei of the thalamus?

A

Intralaminar and midline nuclei

37
Q

What happens if you damage nonspecific nuclei?

A

Coma

38
Q

Why is the reticular activating system important?

A

Needed to maintain attentiveness/consciousness

39
Q

Where does the centromedian nucleus project and receive information from?

A

Receives info from globus pallidus and projects back to cortex. Also part of the gangliar feedback system

40
Q

What is the function of the reticular thalamic nucleus?

A

Regulates the thalamus (excitability, transmission, fxn, etc)

41
Q

Where does the reticular thalamic nucleus receive and project information?

A

Receives input from cortex and brainstem. Output to GABAergic thalamic nuclei

42
Q

Which sections of the thalamus have specific relay nuclei?

A

VPL, VPM, VL, VA, Metathalamus

43
Q

The MD and anterior nucleus are associated with what type of functions?

A

Limbic functions

44
Q

What are the components of the diencephalon?

A

epithalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, dorsal thalamus

Quiz 2 - Neuroscience (11 decks)

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