textbook chapter 1

Question 1

propositions

Answer 1

complex structuring of concepts

Question 2

parallel processes

Answer 2

many cognitive functions are attained by parallel processes, many interact with each other and rely on multiple sources of information

Question 3

if many cognitive functions are attained by parallel processes, why do we often take them to be discrete and serial ?

Answer 3

methodological strategy: it is better to understant the role that each stage or component plays in the whole cognitive process we are investigating

Question 4

in order to develop our theories and better define our empiricle objects, we often employ:

Answer 4

toxonomies
ex: process deemed perceptual vs process deemed cognitive

Question 5

the persistance of illusions highlights that:

Answer 5

there is often a conflict between what we perceive and what we know to be true about the world

Question 6

“senses deceive us” “learned not to trust”

Answer 6

Rene Descartes

Question 7

perception

Answer 7

the earliest form of information processing by the organism; the information that is being captured by our senses and how this information is organized early in the brain

Answer 8

all processes that are not perceptual, including the last, seemingly unbound stage of “thinking”

Question 9

Is there an end point to where perception ends and cognition begins?

Answer 9

no!

Question 10

What are the two major stages of information processing by the organism?

Answer 10

1. Perception (early): appears to be fast, automatic, and independent of what you believe
2. Cognition (or “higher cognition) that is relatively slow, not necessarily automatic, and is closer to the common sense idea of “thinking”

Question 11

two important terms that we will be employing in our discussion of all phenomena:

Answer 11

representations and processes

Question 12

In cognitive science, we need to rely on:

Answer 12

Clear postulates, that is, theoretical assumptions guiding us in the pursuit of truth

Question 13

There is a theoretical assumption that the mind runs on:

Answer 13

representations

Question 14

Representation are:

Answer 14

“codes” in the mind that stand for things in the world

Question 15

What is a grapheme

Answer 15

units of writing corresponding to a single sound, the smallest meaningful contrastive unit in a writing system

Question 16

every time representation are being used-decoded, transformed, stored, accessed , we are –

Answer 16

processing or computing information

Question 17

what we represent in the environment is ___ from what our eyes get at every millisecond

Answer 17

somewhat independant

Question 18

pictures - static or dynamic - are:

Answer 18

analogical representations: full blown renditions of the pictured object or scene

Question 19

What is an example of an analogical representation

Answer 19

A photograph of the statue of liberty is an analogical representation of the statue of liberty

Question 20

Most likely, our “mental pictures” are not similar to movies or photographs but:

Answer 20

emergent properties of symbolic codes

Question 21

the representation we build is somewhat __ than that of a photograph or movie

Answer 21

poorer

(this representation relies a lot on what we know - including false information_

Question 22

images need to be __, without that we have just a:

Answer 22

Images need to be interpreted, without that we have just a chaotic jumble of colors and shape

Question 23

Pictures are __ but not __ for being the actual way we represent the external world

Answer 23

pictures are good metaphors but not god candidates for being the actual way we represent the external world

Question 24

Descartes insight about representations and the distinction between perception and cognition:

Answer 24

when he thought about the sun, his representation of the sun was not necessarily that of an object he had seen in the sky (not similar to what he perceived) but based on what he knew about the sun - its properties and function

Question 25

What is important about Descartes’ analogy of the sun?

Answer 25

1. We build representations (most likely not in the form of images)
2. We perform what we call computations (processes) on these representations, following particular types of rules or algorithms

Question 26

We encode information through:

Answer 26

Representations

Question 27

Semantic knowledge is:

Answer 27

explicit, declarative
we can talk about it, we. can exchange notes etc

Question 28

overt behaviours are thus manifestations of:

Answer 28

internal dispositions relying on knowledge

Question 29

“behaviour” is equivalent to :

Answer 29

internal processes

Question 30

“determination” is equivalent to:

Answer 30

cause, what causes your behaviours

Question 31

deterministic behaviour is analogous to:

Answer 31

implicit behaviour

Question 32

As far as cognitive science is concerned, there are __ types of knowledge and __ types of behaviours that these types of knowledge determine

Answer 32

As far as cognitive science is concerned there are two types of knowledge and two types of behaviours that these types of knowledge determine

Question 33

One type of knowledge (XX) allows you to perform your actions at will

Answer 33

explicit

Question 34

the other type of knowledge (XX) seems to be a closed system

Answer 34

implicit

Question 35

How is the phenomena in cognitive science understood?

Answer 35

The phenomena are understood by relying on contrasting experimental conditions and observing whether their differences correspond to an approximately setup theoretical prediction

Question 36

we can say that our daily experiences __ upon the laws or principles that constitute our theories

Answer 36

supervene

Question 37

token sentences:

Answer 37

individual instances

Question 38

Physiologocial processes ultimately underlie

Answer 38

cognitive ones

Question 39

cognitive processes run on:

Answer 39

representations (conceptual representations)

Question 40

__ are the very units of meaning and thus they enter into many higher cognitive processes that bear on meaning

Answer 40

concepts

Question 41

mental representations are:

Answer 41

Products of the brain, emergent properties of the neurons

Question 42

It is useful - perhaps even necessary - to think about the study of cognitive processes as encompassing;

Answer 42

three distinct but interacting levels of analysis

Question 43

What are Marr’s three levels of analysis?

Answer 43

1.Computational theory (“what”)
2.Representations and Algorithms (“how”)
3. Implementation level

Question 44

At the computation theory level (Marr’s first level), we are:

Answer 44

defining our object of study, the problem we are trying to solve, devise a general functional architecture for that particular process

Question 45

Marr emphasized that the ___ level of analysis was the most important one for cognitive scientists because it provides us with the theoretical bases upon which investigations at other levels proceed

Answer 45

computational theory

Question 46

Describe Marr’s representation and algorithm level:

Answer 46

Representations refer to the nature of the input and output of a given process
As the input stimulus goes through the system, it involves many processes transforming the input representations into its internal output representation
At this level, algorithms are the actual principles by which the transformations are realized

Question 47

we can think of algorithms as :

Answer 47

rules for manipulating representations

Question 48

Describe Marr’s Implementation level

Answer 48

particular empirical proposals for cognitive processes meet validity

Question 49

Aside from the implementation level, empirical validity can be found at which level

Answer 49

At the representations and algorithms level (using AI and deep learning)

Question 50

What is the best way to approach answering questions in cognitive neuroscience?

Answer 50

Best approach is to postulate representations and processes, investigating how they function independant of the “machine” of the brain and how they are ultimately realized by this machine